The self-organizing feature map (SOFM) and random forest (RF) method were integrated to recognize water quality patterns of nine water quality indicators for 63 lakes in China for 11 years (5110 data). The SOFM was built firstly to cluster lakes to identify the pollution conditions. Then, the RF was used to explore the good-offitness of water quality variables on the clustering result and to determine the important water quality indicators. The result of SOFM shows that the lakes can be clustered into three types. And the result of RF shows that permanganate index and chlorophyll a can determine the pollution condition when the classification accuracy is 80%. The integrated method can identify the water quality indicators reflecting the pollution conditions from complex data. In practice, the method can be used to determine the pollution conditions and direct the monitoring indicators.

Taking the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum (about 26000 years ago to 19000 years ago) as the background climate, the authors study the climatic impact of the expansion of the glacier on the Tibetan Plateau using the atmospheric general circulation model CAM4 coupled to the land surface model CLM4. The results show that in summer the increased glacier extent over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a significant impact on the climate in the Northern Hemisphere. Besides the significant temperature decrease on the glacier, atmospheric teleconnection can also cause significant warming near the Bering Strait. In addition, the disturbance caused by glaciers will enhance the South Asian summer monsoon and increase the precipitation there. Finally, through comparing the influence of the scale of the Qinghai-Tibetan glaciers on the climate under the different climate states of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Pre-industrial (PI) periods, it was found that their influence in the PI period was significantly less than that in the LGM period. It indicates that impact of Tibetan glaciers on climate is related with the climate state.

To investigate the nonlinearity between recovery time of eutrophic lakes and the intensity of external load reduction, as well as the factors that could modify this time span, a quantitative analysis was conducted by model simulation. The authors employed a widely-applied phosphorous recycling model, and calculated the recovery time of a eutrophic lake to revert to clear state under different reduction rate. The parameters were set to different values to uncover how different attributes of the lake ecosystem could influence the recovery time. The model results showed that, there was a significant nonlinear relationship between load reduction and recovery time. When the external load reduced to slightly below the threshold, the recovery time would be longer than 40 years. Increasing reduction rate would result in significant decrease in recovery time, while its marginal effect became less significant. Lake type and morphology has significant influence on recovery time. Under the same reduction rate, recovery time of deeper lakes in colder regions is shorter; high sediment release rate requires longer recovery time; and longer hydraulic retention time leads to longer recovery time. Therefore, ecological remediation to reduce sediment release, or improve the hydro-dynamic conditions, may be effective. Moreover, this would both lower the threshold for clear phase, which lead to lower load reduction, and also shorten the recovery time, which made the remediation much easier.

The paper defined the concept of dual water carrying capacity based on water balance of different water quality and addressed a new method of determining forewarning classification according to timing of water shortage. A forewarning model of dual water carrying capacity was established based on system dynamics model. Taking the upstream of Niulanjiang watershed as a case study, the dual water carrying capacity was assessed and predicted by the model. Results show that under business as usual scenario, water resources of high quality will reach blue early warning and that of ordinary quality will reach yellow early warning. To meet the requirement of water diversion in the area, only low rate of socioeconomic development can be sustained in the area while environment protection measures has to be made at medium or above level.

A framework called Object-Oriented Precise Decision-making (OOPD) was proposed which oriented to the lake itself. The framework was based on Numerical Source Apportionment powered by 3-dimensional water quality model, which then quantified the causality of water quality improvement and load reduction. The proposed framework was applied to support short-term decision making of Lake Yilong, a eutrophic lake. Results showed that Chenghe sub-watershed and Chengbeihe sub-watershed were important pollution source no matter considering which monitoring station and under which water diversion scenario. In addition, comprehensive pollution control should be considered to ensure that Huzhong monitoring station or Hudong monitoring station meet water quality standards. However, considerable load reduction cannot guarantee water quality if there was no water diversion. Water quality of three monitoring stations would be improved a lot under 20 and 30 million m³ annual water diversion scenario. Finally, based on the analyses above, suggestion of focused pollution control project was given for each sub-watershed and an evaluation of one bean product wastewater treatment extension project was given to illustrate how to combine micro and macro aspects in OOPD.

Special attention has been paid to three types of processes, that is, source process, removal process and internal cycling. Through the summary of literatures, the mechanisms of typical cycling processes, such as sediment release and denitrification, were discussed. The comparison of contributions of different cycling processes was listed as well. Moreover, the main research approaches of experiment and modeling in this field were well summarized and compared, raising a general framework for the study of nutrients cycling in lakes. With the purpose of looking into the cycling of nutrients, different approaches should be combined together. For example, mechanism models and observation for the mass balance of nutrients, then the microcosmic experiments for the impact factors of cycling processes. It is an efficient way to explore the cycling of nutrients in lakes.

Taking Lake Dianchi Watershed as study area, the dynamics change degree of land use types in the watershed was analyzed based on interpretation data from TM image in 1990 and 1999. The direction of land use conversion was quantitatively analyzed by land use transfer matrix based on the Markov model. Meanwhile, land use change tendency of 2008 was simulated and forecasted based on land use conversion rules using multi-criteria evaluation method from GIS and combining with CA-Markov model. Compared with the interpretation data of 2008, Kappa coefficient of the simulated results was 0.7338, indicating that the simulated results were credible. The spatial patterns of land use change in 2017 and 2026 were simulated by using CA-Markov model. The results show that land use change is also active in this watershed and ecological restoration and reconstruction is still confronted with pressure. Farmland, forest, water and unused land will reduce from 2008 to 2026, while the grassland and construction land will continue to increase. Compared with the trend of land use from 1990 to 2008, the simulated result indicate that farmland, forest and construction land from 2008 to 2026 will keep the same change trend while grassland, water and unused land show the opposite change trend. Construction land will expand on the basis of the present and the change of water is little. Although forest resources will decrease in future, it is still the main land use types in watershed. Construction land expansion significantly increases the load of non-point source pollution in Dianchi. Unreasonable land use is one of the major causes of the water quality degradation in Dianchi Lake currently, and it is going to increase the pressure on the water environment and ecology of water basin in the future. Therefore, to maintain enough arable land per capita, lower fertilization strength, improve land utilization levels, keep a sufficient amount of ecological land, use construction land frugally and intensively, are some important measures to reduce the potential of non-point source pollution in the area. The research can provide scientific support for rational planning and management of land use, the policies formulating of ecological restoration and economic development.

An integrated approach of absolute principle components score-multivariate linear regression (APCS-MLR) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were developed to understand the influence of water chemistry variables on chlorophyll a (Chl a) in Lake Dianchi. The SEM result was further validated with the artificial neural networks (ANN) model. It proved that there was a good agreement on the results of the various models. The model results demonstrated that, among the water chemistry factors, physical factors (T > DO > SD > pH) had the greatest influence on Chl a; whereas nutrients had little influence. In severely polluted water with chronically high nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations like Lake Dianchi, the change of nutrients concentrations will not significantly influence on Chl a, while the sensibility of N is higher than P. Therefore, nitrogen load reduction should be put in priority for eutrophication control in Lake Dianchi.

The research mainly focused on effects of long-term addition of lead on performance by physicochemical index and stability of aerobic granules sludge system. Results show that removal of phosphorus was affected significantly when the theoretical concentration of lead was 10 mg/L, and the removal efficiency decreased from 50% to 28%. When the concentration of lead had a further increasing, the phosphorus removal rate declined further, and finally maintained at about 18%. Removal efficiency of NH4-N began to decline when the theoretical concentration of lead was up to 50 mg/L, and finally maintained at about 80%. At the same time, the MLSS decreased, SV30 increased, SVI rose sharply, aerobic granular disintegrated gradually and settling charac- teristics deteriorated; but removal of COD increased from 87% to 93% within the range of 1?50 mg/L.

The DPSIR model was modified to meet the urgent decision making requirements on restoring the impaired basins under human’s disturbance. From the point of improved DPSIR model, an indicator system reflecting the panoramic view of ecological security for basin-scale assessment was established. This system has successfully revealed a causal chain of how social-economic behaviors as a driving force could make a pressure to ecological security so as to change its state and how such changes would affect human activities thus lead to a series of “response” measures. Given the specific environment of River Jinsha basin into consideration, an indicator system of 59 indicators i.e. per capital GDP, soil erosion ratio, forest coverage rate etceteraly was established to verify the applicability and importance of improved DPSIR model in basin-scale ecological security assessment. It is believed that the improved DPSIR model is of great value to provide scientific support and practical basis for basin-scale ecological assessment.

The authors study the solution robustness of the Risk Explicit Interval Linear Programming (REILP) model using numerical experimentations, investigating whether optimal solutions of a REILP would vary under various preferences to different constraints. The first numerical experiment deals with an optimal land use planning subject to nutrient loading constraints. The second one deals with an optimal water resource allocation subject to pollutant loading constraints. The results show that REILP solutions have different sensitivities to constraint preferences in different cases. This phenomenon suggests that in practice it is necessary to conduct thorough analysis on the robustness of REILP solutions to constraint preferences before reaching reliable decision support. In addition, the variability of REILP solutions with regard to various constraint preferences makes it possible to efficiently generate alternative management schemes within the frame work of REILP.

A new watershed management module, Intelligent Watershed Management (IWM), was proposed. The decision need for watershed management was analyzed before the conception and components of IWM were formulated. The idea of IWM comes from the principles of bionics and imitates the process of human decisions. The IWM is significantly differing from traditional watershed management, which includes three main steps, i.e. watershed information inquiring, input-output response modeling at the watershed scale, and optimized decision making. Four key issues of IWM were identified, including the management goal, suitable models, non-linear responses and computational requirement, and the uncertainties in the watershed system. The modeling framework of IWM was developed and some new algorithms were proposed, such as Risk Explicit Interval Linear Programming (REILP) and Nonlinearity-Interval Mapping Scheme (NIMS) for simulation-optimization analysis. Some cases were demonstrated for the efficiency of the proposed models.

An integrated methodology framework was proposed to acknowledge the important role of cumulative environmental assessment (CEA) in the strategic environmental assessment of regional development plan (RDP). The developed CEA framework consisted of nine steps, including (a) analysis of regional development plan, (b) identification of environmental responses, (c) determination of CEA scales, (d) network analysis of pressures and responses, (e)baselines for CEA, (f) scenarios development, (g) cumulative assessment and early warning, (h) mitigative measures of environmental consequences, and (i) adaptive management. Scenario analysis and system dynamic (SD) models were integrated to deal with the uncertainties and dynamics in the RDP system. The cumulative environmental consequences at various temporal and spatial scales were assessed using the integrated models. The RDP of Zhengzhou Airport Zone (ZZAZ) was taken as a case and its CEA and early warning for regional air and ground water was carried out. Four scenarios were proposed after the comprehensive of ZZAZ’s RDP and the identification of environmental consequences. System dynamic model was developed for temporal and spatial CEA, combined with air and water mechanistic models. Several strategies were proposed based on CEA results to mitigate the consequences, including (a) adjustment of spatial ecological patterns at regional scale, (b) optimization of regional industries structure, (c) pollution control, and (d) adaptive management.

In order to generate the good initial perturbations of ensemble prediction and use limited ensemble members to simulate the time evolution of the atmosphere probability density function in the phase space, the singular vectors (SVs) method was introduced into non-hydrostatic GRAPES meso-scale model. The basic problem of GRAEPS SVs and the method to construct ensemble members based on SVs were researched. GRAPES SVs were solved for a heavy rainfall case by a southwest China vortex moving on July 2008, and an ensemble simulation experiment was made based on GRAPES SVs. The results indicate that the first 27 GRAPES SVs reflect the key information of analysis error; the root mean square error ( RMSE) of ensemble mean about forecast elements have better forecast skills than control forecast, and its ensemble spread is gradually growth with time evolution, reflecting the key information of forecast error; brier score and ROC skill of rainfall show that this ensemble prediction has higher probability skill, and can provide some guidance for the heavy rainfall forecast.

Taking Shenzhen City as a case study, Equal Standard Pollution Load Index and Equal Standard Pollution Load per Product were used to analyze the characteristics of heavy metals discharge from industrial pollution sources, including pollutant species, temporal-spatial distribution, and industrial contribution. The comparison analysis between 1996 and 2007 was made to examine the characteristics of heavy metals discharged in the recent ten years. The results exhibit as follows: 1) The ranking of average heavy-metal equal standard pollution load was given in the order from large to small as Cr( Ⅵ) , Cd, Pb, Hg and As over the last decade. 2) The amount of heavy-metal discharge increased whereas the amount of heavy metals per product decreased from 1986 to 2007. 3) Compared with other administrative districts and river basins, Longgang District and Pingshan River Basin occupied the highest proportions of pollution load and pollution load per product in 1996, whereas Futian District and Shenzhen River Basin were the highest in 2007. 4) Electronic & Communicating Equipment Manufacturing( ECEM) Industry and Metal Product Manufacturing (MPM) Industry were the top two industries with the maximum pollution load and pollution load per product in 1996 and 2007. The results indicate that Cr( Ⅵ) is the priority pollutants and efforts should be fixed on the ECEM and MPM industry.

The interruption of human with the urban ecosystems will change the land use structure dramatically and result in deterioration of environmental quality as well as the remarkable change of ecological water requirements. Based on the case study of Bao’an, Shenzhen, this paper presents the quantitative relationship between urban ecological water requirements (UEWR) and the characteristic index for land use structure (SI). The driving mechanism of human activitiesto the land use change and UEWR is studied by Partial Least Squares Regression model. The estimation results indicate the significant negative correlation between UEWR and SI. The human driving forces can explain 50 % ～90 % of the deviation of the land use, especially more than 90 % of the urban construction area and SI. The explanation ability of the same driving forces to the ecological water requirements are 60 % ～80 %. The coefficients of the regression model represent the weight of the driving forces, among which the population is of the most important contribution. Through the same human driving mechanism, the UEWR can be explained and predicted by the simple index of SI.

A newindex of long-termflood impact on sustainability (LFIS) was proposed, considering the multiple impact of flood on the complex social-economic-environmental system. This index extended the current economic loss basedflood risk analysis into a more comprehensive perspective. Rapid assessment approach was applied for the evaluation and ranking of LFIS using 2359 counties/cities of mainland China as mapping units. The mainland China was zonedinto five kinds of regions, classified in terms of different grades of LFIS, i.e. very high, high, medium, low and very low. The spatial characteristics of LFIS were discussed for regional, provincial and urban levels. The results are helpful for the decision-making of integrated sustainable flood prevention, mitigation and recovery.

The interruption of human with the urban ecosystems will change the land use structure dramatically and result in deterioration of environmental quality as well as the remarkable change of ecological water requirements. Based on the case study of Bao’an, Shenzhen, this paper presents the quantitative relationship between urban ecological water requirements (UEWR) and the characteristic index for land use structure (SI). The driving mechanism of human activitiesto the land use change and UEWR is studied by Partial Least Squares Regression model. The estimation results indicate the significant negative correlation between UEWR and SI. The human driving forces can explain 50 % ～90 % of the deviation of the land use, especially more than 90 % of the urban construction area and SI. The explanation ability of the same driving forces to the ecological water requirements are 60 % ～80 %. The coefficients of the regression model represent the weight of the driving forces, among which the population is of the most important contribution. Through the same human driving mechanism, the UEWR can be explained and predicted by the simple index of SI.

Rapid assessment approach is applied to the flood hazard and sustainable development in China based on specified multi-layer indicator systems using county level administrative region as mapping units. According to the interrelationships of flood hazard and sustainable development index, a new classification system is used to map China into four regions. The regional differences of the flood hazard impacts on the sustainable development in these four zones are discussed. Moreover, each zone is further classified into several sub-zones. The characteristics of major and typical counties (cities) are further discussed based on statistics of counties (cities) in different sub-zones.

How to optimize AES-128, SHA-256, SHA-512 and Whirlpool algorithms on Loongson-2E is discussed The corresponding optimize techniques are raised for the four algorithms, and the optimized results are analyzed The programs are, to the best knowledge, the fastest implementations on Loongson-2E This paper also proposed several new instructions for speedup symmetric primitives and a parallel hash function mode