This study investigated the acoustic variation of songbirds’ vocalization during mobbing event in the sub-alpine forests using playback experiment and automatic acoustic recording (AAR). We played Glaucidium brodiei vocalization and Phylloscopus trochiloides alarm call to induce songbirds’ mobbing behavior and recorded their response vocalizations using automatic acoustic recorders in the Abies-Picea dark coniferous forest in Wanglang National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, during the summer of 2021. Altogether 24 experiments were performed on 12 experiment sites, with a total length of 1057 min acoustic recordings, including 12 G. brodiei vocalization experiments, and 12 P. trochiloides alarm call experiments. A total of 28 species of birds belonging to 17 families and 3 orders were observed to participate in mobbing behavior. By analyzing the acoustic indexes of recordings, it was concluded that 1) both G. brodiei vocalization and P. trochiloides alarm call could trigger mobbing event, during which Phylloscopidae and Paridae species were the majority being involved; 2) during playback period, songbirds’ vocalizations are more intense (G. brodiei experiments: SPL_avg=−31.02±4.87 dB vs −42.74±4.68 dB, p = 0.001; P. trochiloides experiments: SPL_avg = −33.26±4.05 dB vs −46.38±4.54 dB, p = 0.001) and less complicated (G. brodiei experiments: H = 0.76±0.02 vs 0.80±0.03, p = 0.001; P. trochiloides experiments: H = 0.77±0.02 vs 0.82±0.02, p = 0.001) than that of pre-playback period; 3) the variability of acoustic indices from pre-playback to during-playback didn’t change significantly between G. brodiei experiments and P. trochiloides experiments. The results provide a new insight into avian behavior studies in the acoustic aspect, and novel behavioral application scenarios for large-scale soundscape monitoring data. 

Due to the difficulty of dynamical modelling of constrained flexible ropes for the closure process caused by the presence of non-smooth contacts and rigid-flexible coupling problem, a simplified model is provided. The contacts between the ropes and the rings or the separators are considered as slip joints, and the dynamical studies are conducted using the constraint method. Considering the collision of the slip joint, the contact stiffness is introduced and the contact dynamics equations of the slip joint are established. The absolute nodal coordinate formulation is used to describe the motion of rope element, and the dynamics model of which can then be established through the principle of virtual work. For rigid bodies such as separators, the quaternion description is used to establish the dynamics equations. The simulation of closure process is performed to obtain the motion law of the rope and the traction mass block, and the closure time and the degree of closure are compared under different numbers of rings. It is found that an increase in the number of rings will result in a more compact contraction of the rope, but considerable rings will prolong closure time and reduce closure efficiency.

Taking Chaoyang District of Beijing as an example, this paper identified Production-Living-Ecological Space in rural-urban fringe, and described the spatial pattern evolution with the help of transformation matrix and spatial analysis tools. On this basis, the spatial metrology models were selected to analyze the driving factors of space conversion. The results show that, 1) from 2005 to 2020, according to the spatial order from near to far from the city center, the scale of Production Space was reduced and concentrated, the Ecological Space formed a green ecological landscape belt in the periphery of Beijing, the Eco-Agricultural Production Space and the Life-agricultural Production Space were rapidly reduced, and the Living-Non-farm Production Space was rapidly expanded in the point-line-plane order. 2) From 2005 to 2020, the shift of Production Space to Living-Non-farm Production Space was always the main direction of conversion, the Living-Non-farm Production Space continued to gain a large amount of inflow, and finally became the largest space type in the study area. 3) From 2005 to 2010, driven by population, economy and industrial factors, the Production Space converted into Living-Non-farm Production Space, and Eco-Agricultural Production Space converted into Production Space. From 2010 to 2015, population and economic factors further drove Production Space to Living-Non-farm Production Space. From 2015 to 2020, driven by the policy and industrial factors, the Production Space converted into Living-Non-farm Production Space or Ecological Space.

To investigate the specific processes of deposition and environmental changes in the North China Block during Late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian when it received deposition again after a depositional hiatus, chert breccia of the Qingbaikou Series Jingeryu Formation and the Lower Cambrian Fujunshan Formation in the Xiaweidian section of Xishan area of Beijing was analyzed. Based on petrological and geochemical studies, chert layers in Jingeryu Formation and chert breccia in the bottom of the overlying Fujunshan Formation have similar Ge/Si ratios and rare earth element patterns. It indicates that Fujunshan chert breccia might originated from Jingeryu Formation. Breccia-bearing dolomite in the bottom of the Fujunshan Formation is block-shaped, without bedding. The breccia is mixed in component and size, with poor sorting and roundness, and disorderly arranged. Breccia-bearing dolomite in the bottom of Fujunshan Formation may represent glacial deposits.

A reanalysis of marine adaptation of Qianosuchus mixtus is given by observing and making measurements to a new specimen. The marine adaptation in non-avian tetrapods follows a pattern of five steps (M1-M5). Comparation of the statistics of Qianosuchus mixtus and other clades leads to the result that Qianosuchus mixtus is placed in M2-3 and not considered to be completely marine. Observation and analysis of the morphology of the new specimen shows that its limbs do not exhibit characters of marine adaptation, yet its body shape and tail are morphologically adapted to undulatory or subundulatory swimming, similar to extant crocodiles and marine iguanas. Comparison with extant crocodiles and other clades suggest that despite having a specialized tail, Qianosuchus mixtus is not capable of swimming at high speed or for long distances. With the information above and reference to the habits of tetrapods in the Panxian Fauna, it is assumed that Qianosuchus mixtus possibly inhabits an intraplatform with islands, and that Qianosuchus mixtus and other upper trophic level predators exhibit complex ecology.

In order to understand the phylogeny of Rotaria sordida in China and the world, and to clarify the driving factors of the genetic differentiation of bdelloid rotifers, R. sordida samples were collected from 12 cities in 10 provinces of China, and 32 COⅠ gene sequences were obtained. Moreover, 47 COⅠ gene sequences from Europe and Oceania in the GenBank database were downloaded, and the Bayesian phylogenetic tree was constructed at China and global scales, respectively. The results showed that the COⅠ gene sequences of R. sordida in China were divided into two taxonomic clusters, and their phylogenetic relationships were not only affected by geographical location, but also related to habitat types. At global level, all sequences were also divided into two clusters, and some sequences in China were clustered with sequences from Europe and Oceania. The bdelloids with the same habitat type in the two clusters had high homology. It was speculated that the phylogeny of bdelloid rotifers was driven by geographic distribution and habitat heterogeneity. Genetic diversity analysis based on the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent model (GMYC) showed that 22 haplotypes and 12 cryptic species were identified from the COⅠ sequence of R. sordida in China; 45 haplotypes and 28 cryptic species were identified from the global COⅠ sequence. This indicated the high hidden diversity in R. sordida species complexes. Therefore, habitat heterogeneity played an important role in cryptic species differentiation of R. sordida. This study preliminarily explained the phylogenetic relationship and genetic diversity of R. sordida in China and the world. Furthermore, this study supplemented the COⅠ gene database of bdelloid rotifers in China, and provided basic data for lineage biogeographic studies in the future. 

A 3-D shear wave velocity model of Southeastern Margin of Tibetan Plateau crust was constructed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo inversion, based on Rayleigh wave phase velocity tomography results which are obtained from ambient noise interferometry and tele-seismic two plane wave analysis, using seismic data of 137 permanent stations from China digital seismic network and 332 portable stations from ChinArray. The velocity model indicates the presence of an interconnected lower crustal channel flow in southeastern margin of Tibetan plateau, which is represented by an interconnected low shear wave velocity zone with Vs < 3.55 km/s. It consists of three parts which respectively locates beneath the Panzhihua area and to its west and east. The lower crustal channel flow from Tibetan Plateau is blocked by rigid lower crust of the Sichuan block and turns to flow through Emeishan area to the south direction, which alters the lower crust of Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) together with the lower crustal channel flow beneath Pahzhihua area, thickening the crust in this area. It is infered that the lower crustal channel flow beneath the southeast margin of Tibetan Plateau ends at about 24°N, and has the potential to extend further south, which has the role to extend the scope of crustal thickening in the future.

In order to investigate the isokinetic strength of the thigh muscles at different knee flexion angles in patients 12 months after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, an open-chain concentric and eccentric tests of the quadriceps and hamstring were performed at an angular velocity of 60°/s in 16 males 12 months after ACL reconstruction and 14 healthy controls. The peak muscle strength of different contraction patterns at different knee flexion angles were analyzed and the following ratios were calculated: the concentric ratio of hamstring to quadriceps (Hc/Qc), the eccentric ratio of hamstring to quadriceps (He/Qe), the eccentric ratio of hamstring to the concentric ratio of quadriceps (He/Qc), and the concentric ratio of hamstring to the eccentric ratio of quadriceps (Hc/Qe). A two-way ANOVA with mixed design was used to examine the effects of groups and legs on isokinetic muscle strength characteristics. The following results can be concluded. The hamstring strength characteristics were similar at different knee flexion angles, with the reconstructed leg being significantly smaller than the contralateral leg and not different from the healthy controls. In contrast, the isokinetic quadriceps strength showed angle specificity, and the concentric quadriceps strength of the reconstructed leg at 40° and 50° of knee flexion differed not only from the contralateral leg but also from the healthy control leg, making it a more specific index for assessing muscle strength characteristics. Attention should be paid not only to bilateral symmetry but also to whether it is restored to the level of healthy individuals, emphasizing the recovery of muscle function at specific angles in rehabilitation. The flexion-extension strength ratios of bilateral lower limbs at smaller flexion angles differed from those of healthy controls, suggesting that postoperative rehabilitation should strengthen the control training of knee flexion movements of the reconstructed leg and improve the cushioning control ability of the contralateral leg. 

An enhanced prompt learning method (EPL4FTC) for few-shot text classification task is proposed. This algorithm first converts the text classification task into the form of prompt learning based on natural language inference. Thus, the implicit data enhancement is achieved based on the prior knowledge of pre-training language models and the algorithm is optimized by two losses with different granularities. Moreover, to capture the category information of specific downstream tasks, the triple loss is used for joint optimization. The masked-language model is incorporated as a regularizer to improve the generalization ability. Through the evaluation on four Chinese and three English text classification datasets, the experimental results show that the classification accuracy of the proposed EPL4FTC is significantly better than the other compared baselines.

This study summarizes and reviews Chinese medicinal mangroves’ chemical constituent and medicinal effect researches in the past 50 years. Since 2000, the research on medicinal mangroves has increased exponentially, and the most attention is paid to Pongamia pinnata. 27 kinds of medicinal mangroves have been confirmed, and the main medicinal components include terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, quinones, carbohydrates, phenylpropanoids and alkaloids. Most medicinal mangroves have anti-tumour, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and some mangrove plants have unique medicinal effects, including anti-depression and anti-Alzheimer's disease. Existing research mainly focuses on the medicinal effects of mangrove plants, but the pharmacological mechanism needs further study. In view of the problems in medical components and the pharmacological effect of mangroves, some suggestions are put forward for their further development and utilization.

Most of the existing tree-structured decoding methods of handwritten mathematical expression recognition are based on the recurrent neural networks, which have low training efficiency and complicated training process. In order to prove this problem, the authors propose a handwritten mathematical expression recognition model based on Transformer structure, which can decode the syntax tree of expressions directly. Experimental results show that the proposed tree-structured decoding method achieves better performance than the string decoding methods base on Transformer on several datasets of handwritten formula recognition tasks, and show the potential to surpass recurrent neural network tree decoding methods.

The classification of Tibetan speech emotion types is not detailed enough, and the database size of speech emotion analysis is also small. Based on the analysis of the classification of speech emotion types and database of Chinese, English and other languages, this paper designs a construction scheme of Tibetan emotional speech database, including Tibetan speech emotional classification, emotional speech collection, emotional speech tagging and effectiveness analysis, etc. According to this scheme, an emotion type set (TESCS-9) for Tibetan speech emotion analysis is established. 2786 Tibetan emotional speech is collected by recording and editing methods, and annotated. The improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to evaluate the emotional speech, so as to obtain a 2745 Tibetan emotional speech database (TESDB-2745), laying the foundation for Tibetan speech emotion analysis.

Previous channel pruning methods require complex search and fine-tuning processes and are prone to fall into local optimal solutions. To solve this problem, the authors propose a novel channel pruning framework AdaPruner, which can generate corresponding sub-networks adaptively for various budget complexities and efficiently select the initialization weights suitable for the current structure by sparse training once. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better performance than previous pruning methods on both commonly used residual networks and lightweight networks on multiple datasets for image classification task. 

This paper analyzes the area, carbon storage and biodiversity of mangroves in the Mainland of China in the past four decades, and systematically evaluates the ecological benefits of mangrove conservation and restoration measures. In the implementation of mangrove conservation and restoration measures show that compared with 48800 hectares in the 1970s before development, the mangrove area decreased to about 18600 hectares from 1980 to 2000, and the mangrove carbon storage decreased from 45.7 Mt CO₂e to 15.4 Mt CO₂e. From 2000 to 2020, the restoration of mangroves has been strengthened, and the area has been restored to 28000 hectares in 2020, and the carbon storage has increased to 24.1 Mt CO₂e, but it is later than the area recovery. From 1980 to 2000, the number of species of native true mangroves has not decreased, but the population size has been greatly affected. The species is seriously endangered. Among the existing 28 species (including Laguncularia racemosa and Sonneratia apetala introduced from abroad), 15 species are endangered in different degrees. From 2000 to 2020, although the recovery efforts have increased, the endangered status has not been significantly improved. In all, this paper puts forward corresponding restoration countermeasures.

Using the 12345 hotline compliant data from 2017 to 2021 in Zhejiang Province, a fine-grained three-level classification system for livelihood issues was constructed from the perspective of social cognition. A BERT pre-training model was developed to convert complaint texts into labels for livelihood issues. The validation result showed that adding 30% artificial complaint texts in the training set could increase roughly the accuracy rate by 10 percent, and the accuracy rate could be as high as 84.59%. Moreover, livelihood issue proportions of environmental protection, irregular business and municipal services had shown downward trends, while proportions of public services, traffic managements, house purchase issues, and emerging consumption patterns had shown upward trends. This study showed great values of combining the deep learning technology with 12345 hotline compliant data in improving data-driven social governance capabilities.

This study reviews recreational ecosystem services from 2005 to 2020, focusing on the concepts and contents of recreational ecosystem services in China and abroad, organizing research methods, and summarizing research gaps and future perspectives. The results show that the concept of recreational ecosystem services is a general term that can encompass many previous tourism-related concepts, and is applicable to region-wide studies. Existing research on recreational ecosystem services focuses on three dimensions: “Supply: quality and value”, “Demand: recreationist preferences and demand forecasting”, and “Trade-offs: supply and demand, mathematics and interest subjects”. The current research results on “Supply” are abundant and involve multiple approaches, but the exploration of “Demand” and “Trade-offs” is insufficient, lacking a systematic and holistic conceptual and classification system. Therefore, based on the review, this study proposes to expand the connotation of recreational ecosystem services Value from the concept, expand the universality of related research from the object, deepen the formation mechanism from the content, strengthen the value measurement and the use of multi-source data from the method. Furthermore, the paper proposes to translate the theoretical research results into policy management measures and planning design tools in concrete practice, so as to guide sustainable development and promote the benefits of natural ecosystems.

We propose the reinforcement learning method of Spike Distillation Network (SDN), which uses STBP gradient descent method to realize the knowledge distillation from Deep Neural Network (DNN) to Spiking Neural Network (SNN) reinforcement learning tasks. Experiment results show that SDN converges faster than traditional SNN reinforcement learning and DNN reinforcement learning methods, and can obtain a SNN reinforcement learning model with smaller parameters than DNN. SDN is deployed to the neuromorphology chip, and the power consumption is lower than DNN, proving that SDN is a new and high-performance SNN reinforcement learning method and can accelerate the convergence of SNN reinforcement learning.

In order to get the optimal road congestion charging scheme in mixed driving environment of connected autonomous vehicles (CAV) and human-driven vehicles (HDV), this paper conducts a quantitative analysis of the impact of CAV on road networks (especially on road capacity), and analyzes the functional relationship between the road capacity and HDV flows as well as CAV flows. Secondly, the traditional Bureau of Public Road (BPR) Function is improved, and the system optimal allocation model is established based on the new BPR function. The system optimum (SO) assignment is performed on the traffic flow under the conditions of different CAV proportions and different HDV-CAV headways. Then, Frank-Wolfe algorithm is used to solve the SO model, by considering the extra traffic cost of HDV in the differences of SO results under different conditions. The corresponding road networks are formulated using the optimal toll theory charge plan. Finally, the model and the algorithm are applied to the Nguyen-Dupuis transportation network. The results show that under the coexisting condition of HDV and CAV, the marginal cost under the optimal allocation result of the system is the optimal congestion charging which can be the basis for the road toll scheme design under the coexistence of HDV and CAV.

Taking southwest China as an example, the optimal parameters-based geographical detector (OPGD) was used to study the single and comprehensive effects of climate, topography, vegetation and human activities on bird species richness in the region, and determine the optimal range of single factors that promote the maintenance of bird richness. The results suggest that the spatial differentiation of bird species richness in southwest China is mainly affected by vegetation and climate factors. In the independent influence of various factors, the vegetation factor is the most important contribution, and the total contribution rate of enhance vegetation index (EVI) and forest cover height (FCH) is 33.8%?34.7%. The interaction between the two factors enhances the influence of any single factor, and makes a significant nonlinear effect on birds richness. The study shows that the agent index of vegetation factor, especially the agent index of productivity, can better reflect the comprehensive status of the regional environment and is more suitable for the estimation of bird species diversity.