Table of Content

20 September 2024, Volume 60 Issue 5

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Study on Quench Process of Superconducting Coupler Based on Multi-physics Coupling Analysis

ZHOU Jianrong, CHANG Zhengze, LIU Xiao, HUANG Tongming, ZHANG Pei, LI Shaopeng, GE Rui

2024, 60(5):  775-785.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.005

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Based on the multi-physics field coupling analysis method, this paper establishes a one-dimensional quenching process model of the coupler. The model investigates the impact of nonlinear factors within material properties and internal heat sources on the accuracy and stability of numerical solutions. The results show that the heat leakage of the coupler niobium tube near the normal temperature end is the key factor affecting the quench. Extending the length of the niobium tube in contact with liquid helium or using materials with higher RRR values can effectively reduce the temperature of niobium tube. To ensure that the niobium tube remains in superconducting after the application of the electromagnetic field, the heat leakage near the normal temperature end should be controlled not to exceed 5.18 W. When heat leakage increases over time and leads to quench, the propagation speed and extent of the quench are influenced by both the rate at which heat leakage grows and the level of heat leakage. After a quench occurs, controlling the heat leakage can restore the coupler to superconductivity with a delay time of about 0.2 s.

Design of Acceleration Unit of Encoding and Frame Generation for PAICORE2.0

DING Yawei, CAO Jian, LI Qibin, FENG Shuo, YANG Chentao, WANG Yuan, ZHANG Xing

2024, 60(5):  786-798.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.066

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An edge computing system was designed by the spiking neural network chip PAICORE2.0 of Peking University, in conjunction with Xilinx ZYNQ. However, the software encoding and frame generation processes on the processing system (PS) side is slow and limits the performance of the system. Therefore, a hardware acceleration method is proposed. The software encoding and frame generation processes, which is serially executed on the PS side, is moved to the data path on the programmable logic (PL) side for pipelined parallel execution. The hardware acceleration unit mainly consists of highly parallel convolution units, parameterizable spiking neurons, width-balanced data buffers and other modules. The results show that the method removes the time overhead of software encoding and frame generation without increasing the data path transmission delay. In the example of CIFAR-10 image classification, compared with software encoding and frame generation, the hardware encoding and frame generation module results in only a marginal increase in resource utilization — 9.3% more Look-Up Tables (LUTs), 3.7% more Block RAMs (BRAMs), 2.6% more flip-flops (FFs), 0.9% more LUTRAMs, and 14.9% more digital signal processors (DSPs), as well as a 14.6% increase in power consumption. However, it achieves approximately an 8.72-fold improvement in inference speed.

Influencing Factors of Fermentation and Bioactivity of Aureobasidium pullulan LHS-m022 Melanin-Glucan

LUAN Xingshe, LUAN Xinyang, ZHANG Changkai

2024, 60(5):  799-806.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.044

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To explore the influencing factors of fermentation and bioactivity of Aureobasidium pullulan LHS-m022 melanin-polysaccharide, using strain fermentation, isolation and extraction, and biological detection methods, the properties of the fermentation broth, product yield, bioconversion rate and bioactivity were determined and analyzed. The results showed that the best carbon and nitrogen sources of LHS-m022 melanin-polysaccharide fermentation were sucrose and casein peptone, and the optimal concentration of sucrose was 60 g/L. The optimal amount of inducer L-dopa in the fermentation medium was 2.0 g/L, and the blackening activity and bioconversion rate of the fermentation broth were 2.481 and 71.93%, respectively. The optimal amount of cell permeating agent rhamnolipid was 0.021 μL/L, and the blackening activity and bioconversion rate of fermentation broth were as high as 2.794 and 73.9%, respectively. Full wavelength scan, FTIR and HPLC analysis showed that WAI was melanin, and PsB was melanin-glucan structure. The research revealed that the crude melanin-glucan samples treated above 121℃ still gave 95.37% FR. Testing with the respective sample concentrations of 1.50 g/L and 2.00 g/L yielded the corresponding 99.55% hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and 99.00% antioxidant activity.

Characterization of Water Vapor Transport during Three Return Flow Snowfall Cases in Beijing Area in February 2019

LI Shuangxu, REN Yangze, ZHANG Lulu, XUE Huiwen

2024, 60(5):  807-814.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.061

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In order to improve the accuracy of return flow snowfall forecast in Beijing area, the three return flow snowfall cases occurring in Beijing area in February 2019 are analyzed by using the ERA5/GDAS reanalysis data and the HYSPLIT back trajectory model for the meteorological analysis and characterization of the water vapor transport. The results show that, for all the three cases, the water vapor content in the easterly flow is limited regardless of the typical or atypical return flow, and significant snowfall can be produced when there is a cooperation of the southerly water vapor channel. In the typical return flow case (Feb. 14), the high backward return flow and the Loop Inversion Trough cooperate, and the water vapor transport channel is deeper, which is conducive to snow. In the two atypical return flow cases (Feb. 6 and 12), the water vapor transport is concentrated in the lower layers of the atmosphere (below 850 hPa). The case of Feb.12 has a significant contribution from the southerly water vapor transport, and the neglect of the southerly water vapor transport is one of the reasons for the underreporting of snowfall on that day. The arrival time of water vapor transported to Beijing area by the easterly and southerly vapor channels both basically correspond to the time of significant snowfall during the daytime, and can be used as a key factor for forecasting return flow snowfall.

Optimal Routes for Cross-Hemispheric Flights under the Influence of Westerly Jet

YUAN Wei, WANG Bao, NIE Ji

2024, 60(5):  815-821.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.064

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This paper proposes a calculation method for designing optimal routes using the atmospheric background westerlies and provides criteria for determining the applicable routes, and quantifies the time saved by the optimal route compared to the great circle route. The results show that for some routes across the Eastern and Western hemispheres, flying time with the westerlies in both directions is shorter than that via the original route. Taking the route between Beijing and New York as an example, the current eastbound route (Beijing to New York) follows the tailwind, while the westbound return (New York to Beijing) flies against the headwind. The calculation results indicate that if the return flight also follows the eastbound tailwind, the required time is shorter than flying westbound against the headwind. Further analysis shows that this design is applicable to many routes between cities across the Eastern and Western hemispheres. The research results can help the civil aviation system optimize routes, reduce aviation fuel consumption, save costs, and reduce carbon emissions.

Calibrations of Sensor Misorientation Angles for TASTE in Xinjiang and Its Influence on Measurement of SKS Wave Splitting

MAO Pengyu, YE Bo, CHEN Yongshun, GE Zengxi

2024, 60(5):  822-838.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.062

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Based on the rigorous constraints on the data from the 66 broad band transportable stations of the Tarim seismic array for the lithospheric signature of mantle plume (TASTE), the calibrations of the sensor misorientation angles were achieved by three internationally commonly used methods — P-wave principal component analysis method, transverse P-wave energy minimization method and Rayleigh-wave correlation coefficient method. The results obtained from these three methods demonstrated remarkable consistency with correlations ranging from 0.64 to 0.91. Following the integration analysis, the final sensor misorientation angles were established. Among the stations, 62 stations exhibited relatively stable sensor orientations. None of the stations showed evidence of north-south reversals, nor did their sensor misorientation angles display systematically time-dependent variations. When compared with magnetic declination, it was observed that the sensor misorientation angles of 40 stations fell within ±3° of the magnetic declination. This suggests that the TASTE network experiences a low level of external interference, thereby ensuring the high quality of the station deployment. Two examples of SKS wave splitting were used to evaluate the influence of sensor misorientation angles on shear wave splitting measurements. The necessity of calibrating sensor misorientation angles in seismology was demonstrated.

Diagenetic Recrystallization of Carbonate and Its Significance for Reservoir

CHEN Senran, LIU Shiqi, LIU Xinshe, WEI Liubin, LIU Bo, WANG Enze, YU Jinxin, XIONG Ying

2024, 60(5):  839-850.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.065

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In order to investigate the micro-mechanism of carbonate recrystallisation and its reservoir geological significance, based on the theory of carbonate recrystallisation and the latest research results, the effects of temperature, pressure and fluid composition on the mineral crystal-pore fluid reaction are investigated, and a geological-mathematical model is constructed to elucidate the relationship between recrystallisation and the physical parameters of carbonate rocks. The findings unveil the recrystallization in carbonate rocks as a microscopic process characterized by dissolution-precipitation and the stabilization of rock mineral phases. This process is markedly influenced by various factors, including temperature, pressure, and fluid solutes. By modulating the grain size and morphology of carbonate minerals, recrystallization plays a pivotal role in adjusting pore structure parameters, such as pore tortuosity and pore-throat radius ratio, ultimately enhancing the permeability of the rock porous medium. Moreover, this study introduces a recrystallization-rock property co-evolution model, delineating the impact of different diagenetic environmental conditions. Notably, fluid pressure emerges as a pivotal factor governing the preservation and adjustment of pore structure during the recrystallization process. In closed fluid overpressure systems, recrystallization tends to yield euhedral crystal structures in carbonate minerals, thereby favoring better preservation of rock porosity. Conversely, open fluid normal pressure systems tend to induce the formation of dense interlocking rock structures, leading to the impairment of pore structure and seepage capacity.

Late Cenozoic Evolution of Tectonic Geomorphology of the Western Part of the Northern Qaidam Basin: Mid-Pleistocene Uplift Separated the Qaidam and Suganhu Basins

YANG Yizhou, YI Kexin, LI Jiaming, GUO Zhaojie

2024, 60(5):  851-864.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.063

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Based on sedimentary and tectonic geomorphological analysis, this study found that the paleogeographic environment of the Qaidam and Suganhu basins underwent significant changes during the middle Pleistocene. In the early Pleistocene (2.54–0.78 Ma), the Qaidam and Suganhu basins shared a widespread lacustrine environment. Paleo-currents indicate a drainage connection between the two basins. However, since the mid-Pleistocene (0.78 Ma to present), continuous tectonic activities, evidenced by soft sediment deformation structures, in the North Qaidam structural belt resulted in the uplift of Xiaosaishiteng range, which separated the Qaidam and Suganhu basins. The lacustrine environment became alluvial fans and braided river environments near the ranges, while isolated small saline lakes dominated the distal areas. We attribute the rapid evolution of paleogeographic environment and drainage system in the Qaidam and Suganhu basins to the mid-Pleistocene uplift of the North Qaidam structural belt. The uplifted North Qaidam structural belt blocked the runoff from the South Qilian Shan into the Qaidam Basin, causing the lakes within the Qaidam Basin to shrink and dry out since the middle Pleistocene.

Element Geochemical Characteristics of Early to Middle Miocene Sediments in Core IODP U1500B from the Northern South China Sea and Implications on Paleoclimate of the Source Area

GENG Li, HUANG Baoqi, LU Yinghan

2024, 60(5):  865-873.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.054

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Through elemental geochemical analysis of sediments at 1262.6–1288.3 m in IODP Core U1500B from the northern South China Sea, the climate and environmental evolution history of Southwestern China during the early to middle Miocene (20–14 Ma) can be reconstructed. The analysis results of REE show that the sediments are mainly sourced from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in Southwest China. The major element ratios, CIA, PIA, C values, Sr/Cu and principal component analysis jointly indicate strong chemical weathering conditions and warm-humid climate in the source area during the early to middle Miocene. The climate in Southwest China was well correlated with the global climate during 17–14 Ma, but contradicted the global cold and dry conditions before 17 Ma, possibly due to influence of the strong uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet region during the late Oligocene to early Miocene. The uplift of the plateau led to great strengthening of the South Asian monsoon compared to before, resulting in a relatively warmer and more humid climate in the Southwest China during the Early Miocene (20–17 Ma) (Although the South Asian monsoon had shown a slight weakening trend due to the global cooling during this period). During 17–14 Ma, the strengthening of the South Asian monsoon continued to affect the southwestern region of China, and at that time, the global climate was also in the middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO), so the climate change trends of the two were consistent. 

Characteristics of Center of Gravity Migration of Rural Settlements in China and Its Indicative Significance

ZHANG Bailin, ZHANG Zihan, ZHOU Yan

2024, 60(5):  874-882.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.056

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To investigate the migration trajectory of the center of gravity of rural settlements in China from 2000 to 2018 and its impact on the intensive utilization of rural settlements and the spatial pattern of cultivated land occupation, the methods of center of gravity model and standard deviation ellipse model were employed. The results showed that from 2000 to 2018, the center of gravity of Chinese rural settlements migrated 17545.67 meters to the northwest, including 8843.191 meters to the west and 15154.162 meters to the north. During the four periods of 2000–2005, 2005–2010, 2010–2015, and 2015–2018, the center of gravity of rural settlements in China followed a trajectory of “southwest-southeast-northwest-northwest” with migration speeds of 894.326, 854.994, 1368.894 and 8108.936 m/a, respectively. Before 2010, the center of gravity primarily migrated southward at a relative slow pace, while after 2010, it migrated rapidly towards the northwest. From 2000 to 2018, the spatial distribution range of rural settlements in China showed a trend of initial contraction followed by expansion. Specifically, the distribution range decreased from 2000 to 2015 and expanded after 2015. Rural settlements exhibited a clustering pattern in the main trend direction (north-south) and a dispersing pattern in the east-west direction. The study shows that the utilization of rural settlements in northern China is more extensive, especially in northern, northeastern and eastern China, where the per capita area and growth rate of rural settlements are faster, the degree of intensive utilization is lower. The net occupation of arable land by rural settlements is the highest in the country, making it the region with the most serious occupation of arable land. The central-southern and southwestern regions are more intensive. The results of the study can provide a scientific basis for understanding the dynamics of the evolution of rural settlements and guiding the adjustment of the spatial layout of rural settlements.

Synthesis of Remote Sensing Optical Images with Ship Targets Based on Generative Adversarial Networks

JI Rui, MA Lei, ZHANG Jing, WANG Weihong, GUO Zhizhou, WAN Xianci, XIAO Lei, WAN Wei

2024, 60(5):  883-892.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.067

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Due to real-world constraints, the quantity of ship datasets derived from remote sensing data is substantially limited and can’t fulfill the extensive sample demands required for training deep learning algorithms. According to this problem, a high-quality synthesizing method for three-band optical high-resolution remote sensing images containing ship targets is introduced, which utilizes 3D models and generative adversarial networks with style transfer capabilities. Based on the constructed dataset, synthetic samples are generated and evaluated. The experiments indicate that the approach can synthesize images visually close to real images. Incorporating these synthetic samples into the training process of detection models results in an increase of 2.6% in mAP for Faster R-CNN and 2.3% for YOLOv5.

Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Non-grain Cultivated Land in the Three River Basin (Yunnan Section)

SHI Jieyu, WU Xiuqin, DONG guihua

2024, 60(5):  893-904.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.059

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In order to clarify the situation of non-grain farmland in typical hilly areas of southwest China and provide targeted control strategies, this study investigated the spatial distribution of non-grain crops taking the Three River Basin (Yunnan section) as the study region. The driving force of non-grain industrialization in this region was identified from the perspectives of cultivated land resource endowment, social and economic factors and agricultural input factors, and the driving types of non-grain industrialization were divided. The results showed as follows. 1) In 2019, the total non-grain area of the Three River Basin was 100.41 million hm², and the average non-grain rate was 34.69%. The non-grain production degree of county-level units in the Jinsha River Basin was significantly higher than that in the Nujiang River Basin and Lancang River Basin. 2) Several significant characteristics that contributed to non-grain industrialisation included grain output per unit, share of rural population, slope, and per capita cultivated land area. 3) The driving types of non-grain-driven cultivated land mostly consisted of resource-driven, labor-driven, and economy-driven categories. The labor-driven type was identified as the predominant driving force in the region. Economy-driven type are all in county-level cities or municipal districts, while the resource-driven type is mainly concentrated in proximity to the economic-driven type. The pursuit of diverse approaches to managing non-grain farmland, based on variations in driving factors across different regions, can contribute to the development of evidence-based strategies for adjusting national policies related to food security and farmland preservation.

Evolution of Spatio-Temporal Patterns and Influencing Factors of Crop Disasters in the Mainland of China

FAN Yanxiang, HUANG Qingzi, SHAO Wenzhong

2024, 60(5):  905-916.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.048

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In order to deeply understand and reveal the relevant laws and influencing factors of crop disasters, the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of crop disasters in the mainland of China were comprehensively discussed by using kernel density estimation and Dagum Gini coefficient. On this basis, the influencing factors of crop disasters were analyzed by using Catboost model and Tobit model. The results are concluded that the overall level of crop damage in the mainland of China shows a belt-like distribution characteristics, and it can be found that the level of crop damage in the Loess Plateau region has been relatively high for a long time. On the whole, the degree of crop damage in the north of the Loess Plateau is stronger than that in the south of the Loess Plateau, while the overall crop damage level in the Central China Plain is relatively high in the south of the Loess Plateau. The Gini coefficients of the eastern and western regions are always higher than those of the central and northeast regions. With the passage of time, the spatial distribution difference in the eastern part of the country gradually decreases, but in the western region it has a tendency to expand, and the difference in the western region is mainly reflected in the fact that the overall level of crop damage in the northwest is higher than that in the southwest. Water conservancy construction and soil erosion control are the leading influencing factors of crop disasters in the mainland of China.

Influencing Factors of Pumped Storage Power Stations from the Perspective of Multi-Energy Complementarity: A Case Study of Liaoning Qingyuan Pumped Storage Power Station

MENG Xiangxin, LI Shaoyi, HU Senchang, TANG Wenzhe

2024, 60(5):  917-926.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.075

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Taking Qingyuan Pumped Storage Power Station, Fushun City, Liaoning Province, as a case study, this paper proposes an operations management framework for pumped storage power stations from the perspective of multi-energy complementarity. Through the design of an operations management questionnaire, along with on-site inspections and questionnaire distribution, the influencing factors of operations management of pumped storage power stations from a multi-energy complementarity viewpoint was surveyed. Using mean analysis, the main issues in the operations management of pumped storage power stations from a multi-energy complementarity perspective are the determination of electricity pricing mechanisms, allocation of responsibilities and rights among stakeholders, and the lack of application of digital management technologies. By employing system clustering methods, the key influencing factors of the operations management of pumped storage power stations from the perspective of multi-energy complementarity are divided into six categories: policy support, power market demand, advanced technology and equipment, incentive mechanisms and profitability, intelligent management of multi-energy complementarity, and mutually-beneficial and win-win cooperation between "source-grid-load-storage". Based on the analysis of the current state of key management elements, a management system for pumped storage power stations from the perspective of multi-energy complementarity is proposed, as well as an organizational structure for stakeholders of pumped storage power stations. Based on the above, strategies for stakeholder management, adjustment of the power grid and integrated management of new energy consumption for pumped storage power stations, and strategies for building an integrated smart grid for “source-grid-load-storage” are proposed.

Chemical Compositions and Source Analysis of Atmospheric PM_2.5 during Summer in Taian

TIAN Shasha, SONG Mengdi, ZU Kexin, SONG Kai, DONG Huabin, ZENG Limin, LU Keding

2024, 60(5):  927-934.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2023.094

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Carbon components, water-soluble ions and their gaseous precursors in atmospheric PM_2.5 in Taian were monitored online from May 10 to June 10, 2019. The mass concentration and component composition of PM_2.5 (carbonaceous species and water-soluble ions) were analyzed. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM_2.5 was 37.7 μg/m³ during the sampling period, which was 1.1 times higher than the standardary limit (35 μg/m³) regulated by of Chinese Ambient air quality standards (GB 3095–2012). For instance, the content of water-soluble ions in PM_2.5 was the highest with 47.3%. The water-soluble components of PM_2.5 and gaseous precursors had obvious diurnal variation, with a peak (single peak) at 7:00 am. OC/EC ratio of Taian in summer ranged from 1.1 to 17.5, indicated that Taian was mainly affected by a mixture of biomass combustion, coal combustion and exhaust emissions. Positive matrix factor analysis (PMF) showed that the proportion of secondary nitrate, biomass combustion source, secondary sulfate and coal combustion soure in PM_2.5 were 22.0%, 46.7%, 29.9% and 1.4%, respectively.

Change and Driving Factors of Eco-environmental Quality in Beijing Greenbelt: From the Perspective of “Nature-based Solutions”

ZHANG Hao, XI Hao, LONG Jiaqian, ZHENG Qiuyue, FENG Changchun

2024, 60(5):  935-944.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.058

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This paper introduces the perspective of “Nature-based Solutions” (NBS) and analyzes the change and driving factors of eco-environmental quality in greenbelt. The findings are as follows. 1) From 2005 to 2020, the eco-environmental quality showed a trend of first decline and then recovery, and a circle spatial pattern was obvious. 2) The change trend of eco-environmental quality in the two greenbelts was different. The eco-environment quality of the first greenbelt was relatively lower, and it continued to decline. The eco-environmental quality of the second greenbelt has stopped falling and rebounded after 2015. 3) As for driving factors, the study confirmed that NBS measures had driving effect on the improvement of eco-environmental quality. Green Infrastructure showed a significant driving effect in both greenbelts, while ecological infrastructure only showed a significant driving effect in the second greenbelt. Since entering the stage of reduction development, the eco-environmental quality of Beijing Greenbelt has improved obviously. In the future, NBS measures can be more targeted to further improve urban eco-environmental quality and the construction of urban green space system.

Impacts of Western Urban Planning on Residential Segregation and Their Inspiration

LIU Wei, LIU Mengzi, GONG Yue, QUE Jinnan, GUO Chuanmin

2024, 60(5):  945-956.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.060

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Due to the fact that residential differentiation can easily lead to urban problems such as social isolation, this article explores and summarizes its role in residential differentiation from the perspective of urban planning. Base on literature review and case studies, it is found that western urban planning directly and significantly affects the pattern of residential segregation. Firstly, inclusion and density of land zoning can affect residential segregation. Secondly, the diversity of housing types and tenure affects residential segregation. Thirdly, factors of urban form such as the scale of city, open communities, and the size of street blocks also have influences. Finally, three suggestions for urban planning in China to deal with residential segregation are proposed.

Mechanisms and Influencing Factors of Soil Priming Effect: A Review

QIN Wenkuan, FENG Jiguang, HU Yunlong, ZHANG Qiufang, ZHU Biao

2024, 60(5):  957-970.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.057

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Globally, soil priming effect (PE) is regarded as a widespread process, but with equivocal directions and intensity. Multiple hypotheses of PE mechanisms were summarized, including preferential substrate utilization, co-metabolism, nutrient mining, and stoichiometric decomposition. This review also discussed abiotic and biotic factors that may regulate PE direction and intensity, which could be divided into properties of exogenous substrates, soil physicochemical characteristics, decomposers, and environmental conditions. Future researches should improve the experimental methods of simulating priming effect in natural conditions, and pay more attention to the alteration of PE direction and intensity along soil profile or time period to improve soil carbon models.