Table of Content

20 July 2024, Volume 60 Issue 4

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A Muscle Force Calculation Method on Lower Limb during Human Walking Based on Muscle Synergy and Muscle Force Relationships

ZHANG Ling, HUANG Yan, WANG Qining

2024, 60(4):  585-596.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.050

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In response to the issue of existing muscle force calculation methods lacking consideration for the muscle synergy and muscle force relationships during motions, a biomechanical calculation method based on the muscle force relationships and muscle synergy during walking is proposed. This method incorporates the muscle synergy and the relative force of muscles into inverse dynamics calculation based on the quadratic optimization. The proposed method is applied for the calculation of forces of major lower-extremity muscles of human walking. Muscle forces are obtained based on a musculoskeletal model, which effectively reflects the human motion mechanisms and muscle synergy during walking. This method provides significance for exploring the laws of human movement, biomechanical principles, and humanoid robot motion control.

Research on Trajectory Tracking Control Strategy of Backstepping Optimized Double Sliding Mode for Wheeled Mobile Robot

MA Zijun, ZHANG Xingang, ZHANG Shucui, YAO Wenli

2024, 60(4):  597-606.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.011

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In order to improve the accuracy of trajectory tracking control of wheeled mobile robot (WMR), a backstepping optimized double sliding mode control strategy was proposed. Initially, based on the kinematics and dynamics model of WMR, the kinematic backstepping sliding mode controller and dynamic backstepping integral sliding mode controller are designed. The stability of the designed controllers is proved by Lyapunov theory. Then particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the controller parameters. Finally, considering the external disturbance and system input saturation, Matlab/Simulink is used to verify the control strategy. The results show that the proposed control strategy not only ensures the robustness and real-time performance of the system, but also improves the control accuracy of the system.

Quantifying the Influence of Changes in Earth’s Orbital Parameters and Greenhouse Gases Concentrations on Mid-Holocene Climate

KANG Yibo, YANG Haijun

2024, 60(4):  607-614.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.039

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According to the latest Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project (PMIP4) protocol, differences between the mid-Holocene and pre-industrial climates were investigated using the fully coupled climate model CESM1.0. The impact of the earth’s orbital parameters (ORB) and greenhouse gases (GHG) on mid-Holocene climate change were quantified. Three simulation experiments showed that compared with the pre-industrial simulation, the simulated mid-Holocene was warmer in the high-latitude of the northern Hemisphere, colder in the rest of the world, wetter in most of the northern hemisphere, and drier in the southern hemisphere. The ORB led to warming in the mid-to-high latitudes globally, while GHG played a role in lowering global temperatures and reducing precipitation in the mid-to-high latitudes. These differences in turn induced changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation, ultimately resulting in differences in the Earth’s meridional heat transport. In terms of the variation in total meridional heat transport, ORB exerted approximately five times the climate impact compared with GHG. This study carried positive implications for deepening the understanding of the mid-Holocene climate and its response to various external forcings.

Study on Media Attenuation, Site Response and Source Parameters in Yunnan Area

YANG Zhousheng, YANG Jingqiong, ZHANG Huiyuan, QIN Min, XU Yaji

2024, 60(4):  615-625.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.055

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Based on the seismic waveform records of the Yunnan regional seismic network from 2012 to 2023, the joint inversion method was used to obtain the media attenuation Q value, the site response of 67 stations, and the source parameters of 2819 earthquakes above ML 2.0 in the study area. The results show that in Yunnan region, based on the geometric attenuation model of three seismic waves, the non elastic attenuation model accurately reflects the complex structure and strong seismic activity characteristics of the region. Among the 67 stations in the study area, the overall site response does not show much amplification effect, but there is obvious high-frequency attenuation phenomenon, and the amplification factor of the site in the excellent frequency band 1–6 Hz is mostly 1–4 times, while the attenuation of the site in the high band (above 10 Hz) is mostly between 0 to 95%. Among them, the site response value of 12 stations fluctuates around 1; the site response of the four stations is close to 1 at low frequency, and is amplified at high frequency. The overall response calculation result of the five stations is slightly less than 1. 46 stations show a slight amplification at low frequency and attenuation at high frequency. Through the correlation analysis of the parameters of each seismic source, it is found that the local magnitude is positively correlated with moment magnitude, seismic moment, stress drop, apparent stress and radiant energy, and negatively correlated with corner frequency. In general, the aftershock areas of Yangbi, Yingjiang and Mangshi earthquakes in western Yunnan and the southern section of the Honghe fault in southern Yunnan have relatively high levels of stress relief from small and medium-sized earthquakes, while the areas along the Jinshajiang-Honghe fault zone, especially along the southern section of the Honghe fault zone in southern Yunnan, are concentrated areas of high stress and seismic drops, indicating that the faults here may be subjected to relatively strong tectonic shear stress.

Cranidial Shape Variation during Ontogeny in Ptychopariid Trilobite Jiulongshania acalla from the Cambrian Gushan Formation of Shandong Province and Its Ecological Implication

QIN Shujian, DONG Lin

2024, 60(4):  626-638.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.040

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Based on a large number of cranidial specimens of Jiulongshania acalla Walcott, 1905 from the Cambrian Gushan Formation at the Tangwangzhai section in Jinan City, Shandong Province, the traditional morphometric method and geometric morphometrics were used to measure and quantify the morphological features of the cranidium, revealing the cranidial shape variation during ontogeny. The results show that the growth rate of preglabellar field is the fastest, and the rate for the cranidial width is the slowest. The cranidial shape variation during ontogeny is mainly characterized by elongation of cranidium and gradual increase in the length of preglabellar field. It is proposed that the variation of trilobite exoskeletal morphology, particularly the cephalon, might be related to the feeding mode of trilobite. The results may suggest that the feeding habits of J. acalla might have changed during development.

Microfacies and Reservoir Characteristics of Evaporite-Carbonate Symbolic System: A Case Study of the Jurassic Arab Formation in B Oilfield, Abu Dhabi

PENG Yuting, LIU Bo, SHI Kaibo, LIU Hangyu, FU Yingxiao, SONG Yanchen, WANG Enze, SONG Benbiao, DENG Xili, YE Yu

2024, 60(4):  639-656.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.046

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In order to explore the strong heterogeneity of evaporite-carbonate symbolic system, based on core and logging data, this paper clarifies microfacies types of Arab Formation in B Oilfield of Abu Dhabi, and analyzes the reservoir characteristics of various microfacies and the main controlling factors of high-quality reservoirs. Twelve microfacies types (MF1–MF12) can be identified in the Arab Formation. Microfacies types and associations indicate that it is a sedimentary system of Sabha tidal flat-lagoon-barrier beach under the background of limited-evaporation. Microfacies control reservoir quality. MF2 and MF9–MF12 have thicker pore throats, better connectivity, and higher porosity and permeability, making them favorable microfacies types for reservoir development. MF2 and MF10 develop dolomite reservoirs, with the reservoir space mainly composed of intergranular pores, residual intergranular pores and intragranular dissolution pores. Grainstone reservoirs are developed in MF9, MF11 and MF12, with the reservoir space dominated by intergranular (dissolution) pores, mold pores and intragranular dissolution pores. The seismic change of relative sea level causes orderly stacking of sedimentary facies belts in longitudinal direction. The difference of microfacies types and diagenesis between different sedimentary facies belts and within the same sedimentary facies belt is the fundamental reason for the strong heterogeneity of the Arab Formation reservoir. The barrier beach and supratidal are favorable facies belts for the development of high-quality reservoirs. The primary intergranular pores of high-quality reservoirs in the barrier beach facies are well maintained and superimposed with significant early exposure and dissolution, resulting in the generation of secondary pores and the further improvement of pore structure. The development of high-quality reservoirs in the supratidal is controlled by early dolomitization and penecontemporaneous dissolution. Dolomitization improves pore structure, which is conducive to early pore preservation. The early dissolution of dispersed anhydrite produces a large number of secondary pores, significantly improving reservoir physical properties.

Design of a Space Neutron Detector Based on Silicon Sensors

YANG Zhe, SHEN Guohong, ZHANG Binquan, ZHANG Shenyi, CHANG Yuan, JING Tao, QUAN Zida, HOU Donghui, SUN Ying

2024, 60(4):  657-664.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.053

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For the neutron radiation environment in the low-earth orbit of the space station, this study develops a space neutron detector based on silicon stack sensors. The detector uses nuclear recoil method and nuclear reaction method to carry out indirect detection of neutrons and obtains the energy spectrum information of neutron radiation in the orbit of the space station. The proposed space neutron detector can detect space neutrons in a range of 0.025 eV to 10 MeV. The space neutron detector was equipped on the Space Radiation Biology Exposure Experiment Device carried by the Mengtian laboratory cabin module of the Tiangong Space Station. The neutron detector is used to provide real-time monitoring of the orbital neutron environment of the space station and obtain on-orbit detection data. This provides an important basis for investigating the mechanism of radiation effects caused by space neutrons on organisms and astronauts and provides necessary space environment parameters for examining single-event effects caused by secondary particles on electronic components of spacecraft.

An Efficient Genetic Algorithm Based on Adaptive Boundary Constraint

HUANG Ming, WANG Longbo, XIAO Minghong, FU Yu, ZUO Zhengkang

2024, 60(4):  665-672.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.049

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According to the lack of method for highly efficiently spawning coefficients for multi-parent recombination in real-encoded genetic algorithm, an efficient genetic algorithm based on adaptive boundary constraint (ABC) is proposed. This method quickly generates coefficient vectors by adaptively scaling the boundary of the subsequent coefficient based on the value of the previous one, allowing for efficient reconstitution under any number of parent recombination scenarios. Experiment results on CEC2017 benchmarks demenstrate that proposed algorithm outperforms EDBF (empirical distribution based framework) a lot in 29 optimization problems.

Intelligent Boundary Extraction Method for Large-scale Physical Geographical Objects: Taking Dabie Mountains as an Example

YANG Hanjun, SUN Min, LOU Xiayin, YANG Shihao

2024, 60(4):  673-681.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.045

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In order to solve the problem of expressing the distribution range or boundary of physical geographical objects (PGO) in maps with determinate semantics but indeterminate spatial location or distribution range, an intelligent extraction method for PGO’s boundary is proposed. Firstly, the given semantic words is used to search big data of the network map. Secondly, the spatial clustering algorithm is used to determine the approximate range of PGO. Finally, considering the geometric characteristics of PGO, such as the undulations of mountains, a feature recognition algorithm is used to further determine the distribution range and boundaries of PGO. Taking into account the complexity of such objects, only the mountain (Dabie Mountains) was taken as an example to proved the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Heat Flux from the Yangtze River to the Sea and Its Ecological Effects

YIN Hang, YANG Shanqing, LIANG Enhang, LI Bin

2024, 60(4):  682-690.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.025

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Through the extraction and analysis of Landsat 5, 7 and 8 long time series remote sensing image data, the practical single channel algorithm was used to invert the monthly long series water temperature data set of the Yangtze River Estuary from 1997 to 2016. Meanwhile, based on the global runoff data, the annual monthly mean heat flux at the Yangtze River Estuary during the same period was calculated. The temporal and spatial variations and response characteristics to climate change and human thermal emission were analyzed. On this basis, combined with the global ocean surface temperature data and the Copernicus global ocean color and biogeochemical data set, the influence of the heat flux change from the Yangtze River to the sea on the offshore water temperature and the offshore ecological environment was explored. The results show that the total heat flux in the Yangtze River Estuary is 77.5 EJ per year, and the seasonal variation of heat flux is obvious. The heat flux mainly used for heat transport to the coastal area is significantly higher than that in other typical river systems, and the average annual heat input to the coastal area is estimated to be 6.1 EJ, and the warming effect is obvious. Compared with the coastal zone, the influence of the Yangtze River Estuary on the temperature of the coastal waters is greater and the influence on the spatial range is further. The spatial influence on offshore water temperature can be divided into two gradients, namely, the riverine strong influence zone with decreasing temperature (0–40 km) and the ocean strong influence zone with increasing temperature (more than 40 km). From 1997 to 2016, the temperature of the coastal waters of the Yangtze River Estuary as a whole increased first and then decreased. Further analysis shows that the heat flux change in the Yangtze River Estuary has a profound effect on the offshore water temperature (R²=0.7495), and is closely related to the offshore primary productivity (R²=0.9651), indicating that the heat input from the Yangtze River to the offshore water is an important factor regulating the offshore thermal environment and ecological environment. 

Research on Ticket Pricing of Mount Wuyi National Parks Based on WTP and BWS

WANG Yi, CONG Li

2024, 60(4):  691-700.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.024

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Taking Mount Wuyi National Park as an example, this paper uses the Willingness to Pay (WTP) and Best-Worst Scaling (BWS) methods, combined with quantitative analysis methods such as linear correlation analysis and binary logit regression analysis, to explore tourists’ willingness to pay for Mount Wuyi Park and its influencing factors. Research results show that tourists’ overall willingness to pay is concentrated in the range of 61 to 150 yuan, and Maxdiff model shows that tourists’ willingness to pay is 77.04 yuan. The willingness to pay of tourists is positively correlated with their satisfaction and daily average consumption in scenic areas. The higher the overall satisfaction of tourists, the higher their willingness to pay. The impact of factors such as daily expenses, number of tourists, and infrastructure of scenic spots on willingness to pay is more significant. Respondents with higher daily expenses are more affected by the number of tourists and the quality of scenic spot services.

Distribution Characteristics of Viral Community and Their Potential Hosts and Functional Genes in a Water Supply System

MO Qiuyue, YAN Sicen, CHEN Qi, CHEN Tianyi, WU Zongzhi, LIU Tang, CHEN Qian, LIU Shufeng

2024, 60(4):  701-712.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2023.061

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Based on metagenomic shotgun sequencing, the viral community structure, potential hosts, and specific functional genes in key monitoring sites of a typical drinking water supply system were explored. The result revealed the presence of massive unclassified viral species, with the dominance of double-stranded DNA viruses occupying 94%–100% of viral abundance. The phages Siphoviridae and Myoviridae were identified as the major known taxa. Conventional and advanced treatment processes reduced viral richness, diversity, and replication potentials, while the richness and diversity slightly increased after passing water supply pipe network. Both treatment processes restrained the roles of viruses in mediating the exchange of auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs). Viral genomes in source water possessed various AMGs involved in energy metabolism and biosynthesis of carbohydrates, amino acids, and cofactors, which could contribute to bacterial host metabolization. However, after conventional treatment, they mainly encoded penicillin-binding proteins. Notably, in the water sample with a long-term exposure to hospital clinic settings, the abundance of viruses (35%) carrying antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was much higher than those (≤ 2.6%) of other samples. This study highlighted the significant impacts of drinking water treatment processes, transport pipe networks, and environmental risk exposure on viral guilds and functions, and provided a theoretical basis for optimizing operation and management of water supply systems. 

Study on Coupling Coordination Degree of Ecological Product Supply and Economic Development in Beijing Ecological Conservation Area Based on Multi-source Data

LIANG Lina, WANG Hongjia, FENG Huiyi, TANG Xiumei

2024, 60(4):  713-722.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.041

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According to the characteristics of ecological conservation area, the evaluation index system is constructed from the system of ecological product supply and economic development, and the comprehensive evaluation method is used to evaluate the ecological product supply and economic development. Then the coupling coordination degree model is used to evaluate the coupling coordination degree of ecological product supply and economic development in 2019 in Beijing ecological conservation area and determine its coupling coordination type. The results show that in 2019, there is a large gap between ecological products and economic development of villages and towns in Beijing ecological conservation area. the high value and higher value of the supply capacity of ecological products are mainly distributed in Huairou District, Miyun District and Yanqing District. The areas with high level of economic development are mainly distributed in cities and towns in various districts and towns near the suburbs of Beijing. The coupling degree between ecological product supply and economic development of villages and towns in Beijing ecological conservation area is between 0.648 and 0.999, and the system is mainly in a high level coupling stage. The coupling coordination value is between 0.312 and 0.600, the internal difference of the coupling coordination degree is large, the overall coupling coordination level is not high, showing a weak mutual promotion relationship. The supply of ecological products and economic development of the villages and towns in the ecological conservation area of Beijing have not achieved synchronous development, and the villages and towns with lagging supply of ecological products and lagging economic development basically account for half of each other. The ecological conservation area of Beijing should be based on different resource advantages and adopt different strategies according to the supply of ecological products and economic development, so as to realize the complementarity and mutual promotion. 

Development Technology and Carbon Trading Strategies of Mangrove Carbon Sink

YANG Fang, WANG Mao, WANG Wenqing, LI Ruili, CHEN Guogui, CHEN Hongzhang

2024, 60(4):  723-731.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.042

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Making full use of the economic properties of carbon sinks and the carbon trading market mechanism, scientific development of mangrove carbon sinks and the realization of emission reduction trading can bring additional economic benefits, and play a positive role in promoting the protection and restoration of mangroves. This article systematically summarizes the overview and the development technology of mangrove carbon sink, as well as the current status of carbon trading and its problems. The corresponding suggestions and countermeasures included as follows. 1) Strengthen basic research and promote the sustainable implementation of the development methodology of mangrove carbon sink projects in China. 2) Utilize the carbon inclusive market mechanism to expand the development path of mangrove carbon sinks. 3) Explore mangrove carbon sink trading and offsetting methods to improve mangrove carbon sink rate of return. 4) Encourage social capital to enter the development and trading of mangrove carbon sinks, and strengthen the protection and restoration of mangroves.

Evolution Characteristics and Driving Mechanisms of Sub-spaces in Production-Living-Ecological Spaces from the Perspective of Refined Management of Territorial Space: A Case Study of Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province

XU Yueqing, LU Longhui, JI Zhengxin, HUANG An, DUAN Yaming

2024, 60(4):  732-744.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.051

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This study constructs a classification system for sub-spaces of “Production-living-ecological” spaces (PLES) and an analysis framework for their evolution mechanisms from the perspective of refined management of territorial space. Zhangjiakou City serves as the case study area, where the identification, evolutionary characteristics, and driving mechanisms of PLES are carried out. The results show that the PLES in Zhangjiakou City can be divided into urban construction space, rural construction space, agricultural production space, grass space, forest space, water area space, and bare area space. From 1990 to 2020, except for bare area space, the spatial layout of each space is relatively stable, but they all experienced changes in quantity and space transformation, especially in agricultural production space, forest space, and grass space. The evolution of PLES in Zhangjiakou City is the result of the combined effects of human activities and geographical environments. Among them, human activities directly drive changes in the quantity and transformation of each space based on different human needs, while the geographical environment indirectly determines the spatial patterns of PLES evolution by influencing the location selection of human activities and plant growth. 

Study on Influencing Factors of Hydrothermal Carbonization of Sewage Sludge

WANG Hang, LIU Yangsheng, WANG Dianchang, CHEN Xiang, LIU Feng, QIAO Xueyuan, LI Kun, WANG Xiankai

2024, 60(4):  745-757.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.043

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The effects of reaction temperature, time, and medium on the properties of sludge hydrochar were experimentally studied. The results demonstrated that hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) treatment enhanced sludge dewatering and volume reduction, with a higher water removal rate (42.8%–53.3%) observed under acidic conditions compared to neutral conditions (28.9%–45.2%). Notably, the highest dehydration rate was achieved after HTC at 240°C for 1 hour. Increased reaction temperatures and longer reaction times led to reduced hydrochar yield due to enhanced dehydration and decarboxylation reactions. The H/C and O/C atomic ratios gradually decreased as a result. Furthermore, the regular and compact structure of sludge was disrupted to varying degrees following HTC treatment, resulting in the formation of holes and grooves that increased the specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size of the hydrochar produced. Specifically, hydrochar obtained from HTC at 220°C for 1 hour exhibited the highest specific surface area (129.98 m²/g) and pore volume (0.66 cm³/g). The composition and crystalline structure of hydrochar were primarily influenced by factors such as reaction medium > reaction temperature > reaction time. With the increase of HTC reaction temperature and residence time, the volatile content of hydrochar decreased while the fixed carbon and ash content increased. The main exothermic range during combustion of hydrochar occured between 250–550°C.

Responses of Soil Dissolved Organic Carbon to Climate Warming: A Review

QIN Wenkuan, LI Xiaojie, WANG Xudong, ZHU Biao

2024, 60(4):  758-766.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.028

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This review focuses on the characteristics of soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and its response and potential mechanisms to climate warming. The properties of soil DOC are described, and its sampling and analyzing methods are summarized. Soil DOC is mainly derived from soil organic carbon (SOC) dissolution, root exudates, microbial products and necromass, and the concentration and composition of soil DOC varies along soil profile and over time. Multiple sampling (e.g. tension lysimeter) and analyzing (e.g. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry) methods of soil DOC were applied to investigate the responses and mechanisms of soil DOC to experimental warming. Based on previous studies, this review also discussed the effects of plants, microorganisms, and soil properties on soil DOC characteristics. Experimental warming may not only directly alter soil DOC concentration, but also indirectly change soil DOC properties via affecting plant, soil and microbial properties. Future studies should pay more attention to the vertical transport and temporal dynamics of DOM to further improve the SOC models and strengthen the prediction accuracy of global carbon cycle under climate warming in future.

On China’s Energy Transition Pathway Towards Carbon Neutrality

JIN Zhijun, ZHANG Chuan

2024, 60(4):  767-774.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.017

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In the context of climate change and energy transition, a systematic discussion is conducted on the three major challenges featuring China’s energy transition, namely the coal-dominated energy structure, the increasing growth in energy demand, and the urgent timeline for carbon neutrality. One of the main focuses is placed on exploring the technical feasibility of achieving an 80% share of renewable energy in primary energy consumption by 2060. Based on the comparative analysis of different energy transition pathways, the multifaceted characteristics of China’s carbon neutrality pathways are pointed out. A method for optimizing these pathways is proposed, considering economic costs, environmental impacts, and system reliability comprehensively, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for achieving carbon neutrality and energy transition goals.