Table of Content

20 July 2025, Volume 61 Issue 4

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Exploring the Effects of Malt on Beer Flavor and Yeast Metabolic Pathways by Metabolomic Technology

LI Jingting, SUN Zhen, TANG Wenzhu

2025, 61(4):  617-628.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2025.044

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In order to explore the effects of different malts on the flavor of beer after fermentation, the differences between 5 barley malts and 5 wheat malts on beer composition were analyzed by using metabolomics methods. The effects of different malts on the metabolic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during beer fermentation were explained at the metabolic level. After liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) detection, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were performed to screen out the key metabolites that had the greatest impact on beer flavor. After linking the key metabolites to the flavor of beer, pathway enrichment was carried out. The results determined that barley malt mainly affects Purine metabolism, Pyrimidine metabolism, Arginine and proline metabolism, Alanine, aspartic acid and glutamate metabolism, Arginine biosynthesis, β-Alanine metabolism, Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, Galactose metabolism and other pathways. Wheat malt mainly affects Purine metabolism, Pyrimidine metabolism, Arginine and proline metabolism, and Glutathione metabolism. These metabolic pathways have a key impact on the flavor of beer, which provides some theoretical guidance for the regulation of flavor substances in beer.

A Multimodal Cross-Attention Model for Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis

LI Zhou, LIU Yongbin, OUYANG Chunping, ZHANG Jiangtao, PAN Xue, JIANG Lu, ZHONG Jin

2025, 61(4):  629-638.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.121

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In order to achieve accurate computer-aided diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, this paper proposes a multimodal Alzheimer’s multi-class diagnostic framework (MAMDF) that uses an asymmetric cross-attention mechanism for multimodal fusion to better reveal the relationship between clinical data and medical imaging data. Moreover, to address the two MCI subtypes that are rarely mentioned in previous computer-aided diagnosis work, we combined frequency-domain transformers and Transformers to propose a novel deep feature extraction module for feature fusion. This method captures the internal connections of fused features and obtains richer multimodal joint representations, thus improving the diagnostic performance of the model on the two MCI subtypes. Experimental results on the ADNI dataset show that the proposed model achieves higher accuracy and F1 scores, compared with similar works. Thus the model can more effectively handle multimodal data fusion and mine the deep feature relationships between different modal medical data, thereby better integrating and analyzing the multimodal information of AD patients. 

Twitter Bot Detection Method Based on Social Temporal Knowledge Graph

JIANG Zhishu, CHEN Wei, ZHANG Weijie, ZHANG Shiqi, CHEN Jiruo, WAN Huaiyu

2025, 61(4):  639-649.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.120

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Existing Twitter bot detection methods often overlook the structural and temporal information of users’ dynamic social history, as well as the noise accumulation resulting from feature fusion. In order to address these limitations, this paper constructs STKG (social temporal knowledge graph) and proposes a Twitter bot detection method STKGBot (STKG for Twitter bot detection). In the STKG, STKGBot uses RE-GAT (heterogeneity-enhanced graph attention network) to learn the static social relationship feature, TE-GCN (temporal-enhanced graph convolutional network) to learn the dynamic social history feature, and a bilinear model for the feature fusion. In addition, STKGBot employs contrastive learning to alleviate the noise aggravation in the process of feature fusion. Experimental results on two public datasets demonstrate that STKGBot outperforms state-of-the-art models.

Design and Characterization of Quasi-random-dots Two-dimensional Fork Gratings

HU Huakui, DING Jiangtao, JIANG Haifeng, WU Weifeng, XU Huajie

2025, 61(4):  650-658.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2025.056

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In order to suppress the high-order diffractions of the traditional two-dimensional fork gratings, a single optical element, named quasi-random-dots two-dimensional fork gratings (QTFGs), is proposed, which can realize single-order diffraction for planar structures. The key idea is to divide the traditional two-dimensional sinusoidal fork gratings into a large number of rectangular dots, and binarize these dots. Numerical simulations and experiments show that the quasi-random-dots two-dimensional fork gratings can effectively eliminate second-order and higher-order diffractions, and only retain zero-order and first-order diffractions. In addition, the effects of topological charge, wavelength, and rectangular dot size on diffraction characteristics were analyzed, and these analyses was confirmed that the output beam has a helical phase structure with multiple topological charges.

Focal Mechanisms of Small Earthquakes and Tectonic Stress Field Study in Zemuhe-Xiaojiang Fault

WANG Longtan, PIAO Jian, ZHOU Shiyong

2025, 61(4):  659-667.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.093

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This study employs a broadband seismometers network around the Zemuhe-Anninghe Fault zone in Yunnan to detect and locate earthquakes from 2015 to 2019, yielding 11091 event locations. Seismic activity is concentrated at the intersection of the Zemuhe Fault and the Xiaojiang Fault, with the locations revealing the spatial relationship between these two fault zones. The distribution of earthquakes shows significant spatial clustering and indicates numerous secondary structures beyond the main faults. Based on these high-precision microearthquake locations, 1462 focal mechanism solutions were calculated, predominantly showing strike-slip movements. At the intersection of the Zemuhe and Xiaojiang faults, a concentration of normal fault type earthquakes aligns with the characteristics of the regional extensional basin. Average focal mechanism solutions and structural stress field inversion results indicate some rotation of stress fields across different regions; from north to south, the principal stress axis rotates clockwise by approximately 15°. The southern segment of the Zemuhe Fault and the northern segment of the Xiaojiang Fault have R values of 0.28 and 0.10, respectively, reflecting characteristics of both strike-slip and extension. The complexity of the stress fields within the study area reflects the presence of multiple scales of tectonic stress loading patterns. 

Paleogeomorphology and Tectonic Activity Processes in Yamal-Gyda Region of the Northern West Siberian Basin

MO Wuling, JI Zhifeng, JIANG Ren, ZHANG Yiqiong

2025, 61(4):  668-686.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2025.058

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The northern West Siberian Basin developed tectonic activity during the Triassic period with the development of rift systems and throughout the Mesozoic-Cenozoic era with the formation of numerous local tectonic uplifts. In view of the fact that there is no unified and clear understanding on the formation mechanisms of the geological features, this paper presents a detailed analysis of deep linear structures of the pre-Mesozoic basement, the tectonic evolution of sedimentary cover, the paleogeomorphology, and tectonic activity processes of Yamal-Gyda region. The results reveal that: 1) Deep linear structures can be categorized into four groups of directions, NW, NE, nearly E-W and nearly N-S. The NW and NE linear structures are the structural responses of the folds, thrusts, reverse faults and strike-slip faults of the pre-Mesozoic basement linked to the Ural fold system. The nearly N-S lineaments are clearly identifiable normal faults that mark the western boundary of the Triassic rifting graben. 2) Normal faults (stretching) and anticlines (compression) exhibit identical tectonic orientations. These structures developed sequentially, first through dextral strike-slip faulting in the NW direction and subsequently through sinistral strike-slip faulting in the NE direction. Anticlines formed under the influence of these dual strike-slip movements, with most normal faults developing during the dominant right-lateral phase. 3) The initiation of most uplifts and faults occurred during the Jurassic period, followed by multiple episodes of reactivation of deep linear structures. These tectonic activities are closely linked to Late Cimmerian folding, the collision between the Eurasian Plate and the Indian Plate, as well as widespread regional extensional and rifting processes across the northern part of the Eurasian continent. 4) The majority of uplifts are likely tied to differential vertical movements generated during the activation of deep linear structures. The NE and NNE-trending uplifts and lineaments correlate with folds, reverse faults, and thrust faults associated with the Urals-Novaya Zemlya fold belt, while NW-trending uplifts and lineaments correspond to the dextral strike-slip faults across the Eurasia continent.

Revised Homogeneous Nucleation Mechanism of KCl in Aqueous Solutions

ZHANG Meixi, SUN Qiang

2025, 61(4):  687-696.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2025.053

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Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on supersaturated KCl solutions are conducted to understand the homogeneous nucleation mechanism of ions in aqueous solution. According to the MD simulation results, dissolved K⁺ and Cl⁻ ions tend to aggregate in solution. When the aggregates reach a critical size, KCl grains may crystallize inside the aggregates. The free energy surface (FES) during the nucleation process, calculated by the METAD method, demonstrates that the process of ion aggregation does not require the overcoming of a potential barrier, which is different from the two-step nucleation theory. Based on the structural analysis, the formation of aggregates may be closely related to hydrophobic effects. Therefore, the revised classical nucleation theory (rev-CNT) is proposed to understand the KCl homogeneous nucleation mechanism in aqueous solution.

Constraints of Magnesium Isotope Composition on the Origin of Dolomite of Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Beipiao Area, Liaoning Province

WANG Tianyu1, LING Kun, WEI Ren, DONG Lin

2025, 61(4):  697-708.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2025.041

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Petrographic analysis and elemental geochemical testing were conducted on the dolostones of Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Beipiao area, Liaoning Province. Through petrographic and sequence stratigraphic analyses, eleven sedimentary cycles were identified within a 24-meter-thick stratigraphic section. It was found that the vertical fluctuations in magnesium isotope compositions of the dolostones broadly correspond to the subdivision of parasequences. This indicates that the thick-bedded dolostones of Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Beipiao area were formed by the cumulative superimposition of dolomitization processes occurring during different episodes (cycles). These results validate previous hypotheses regarding the genesis of thick Cambrian dolostone successions. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that the genetic hypothesis that thick dolostones form via the progressive superimposition of multiple dolomitization events is also applicable to Precambrian dolostones. 

Displacement Prediction of Newly-Established Monitoring Slopes Based on Lithology-Classified Integrated Dataset

TIAN Yuan, ZHANG Jianxue, ZHAO Wenyi, CHENG Chuyun, DENG Yanglanduo, MA Ruiping, HUANG Ruhao

2025, 61(4):  709-718.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2025.019

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Limited monitoring data of newly-established monitoring slopes in universal landslide monitoring projects and their unavoidable poor representation ability of the deformation patterns have made the traditional single-slope modelling impossible. This paper proposes to classify the multi-slope integrated monitoring dataset based on the lithology of slopes and thus construct pre-trained models to apply to the newly-established monitoring slopes to improve the prediction performance. By integrating the monitoring data, the pre-train models can learn more deformation characteristics from the dataset than from only single-slope data. Moreover, by further classifying the integrated dataset based on the lithology of slopes, constructing different pre-training models, and applying them to newly-established slopes with corresponding lithology, it is feasible to enhance the classified dataset’s ability to represent the deformation patterns of corresponding kind of slopes while still ensuring the volume of dataset of each class is reasonable and, ultimately, to improve the pre-trained models by enhancing the consistency of the pre-training data and target domain data. A case study based on actual monitoring data shows that the pre-training models based on lithology-classified dataset perform overall significantly better on newly-established monitoring slopes with corresponding lithology than single-slope models or pre-training models based on other integrated dataset and may provide effective support for displacement prediction of newly-established monitoring slopes.

Assessing the Contribution of Natural Factors and Human Factors to Land Surface Albedo Changes in Guizhou Province Using MODIS Data

CHEN Linlin, LIU Suihua, DENG Lingling, SHEN Xuanying, SONG Shanhai, LONG Yangyang

2025, 61(4):  719-732.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2025.040

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In order to quantify the relative contribution of natural factors and human factors to the surface albedo in Guizhou Province and their impacts on its changes, we analyzed the past and future evolution trends of surface albedo based on the MCD43A3 dataset from 2001 to 2022, using the Theil-Sen slope algorithm, Mann-Kendall significance verification and Hurst index method. On this basis, by combining datasets of natural factors and human factors and utilizing partial correlation analysis, residual analysis and ridge regression analysis, the factors influencing changes in land surface albedo were quantified and classified, leading to the following results. 1) From a temporal perspective, the surface albedo showed a fluctuating downward trend from 2001 to 2022, with an average decline rate of 3.699×10⁻⁵ yr⁻¹, and a maximum decline rate of 0.0045 yr⁻¹ from 2001 to 2003. From the spatial perspective, the surface albedo decreased in the northeast and increased in the northwest, and the area of 60.16% of the study area showed a downward trend, and the surface albedo will continue to decline in the future. 2) In response to natural factors, the surface albedo was positively correlated with temperature and leaf area index (LAI), negatively correlated with rainfall and soil moisture. Spatially, LAI was the dominant factor affecting its differentiation; temporally soil moisture. 3) The changes in natural factors and human activities have dual effects on the change of surface albedo, mainly inhibitory, with 60.17% of the study area being co-driven by both. The relative contribution rates are ranked as follows: soil moisture (35.23%) > LAI (23.96%) > land use (18.65%) > temperature (12.03%) > precipitation (10.13%). 

3D Gaussian Splatting Rendering Quality Estimation Based on Outdoor Panoramic Video Data

JIANG Jinting, CHEN Bin

2025, 61(4):  733-745.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2024.095

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A rendering quality index calculation method related to the Gaussian ellipsoid distribution of the scene is proposed. Using the panoramic rendering image of the scene, the rendering quality index is calculated to quantitatively evaluate the rendering quality of the panoramic image, and test the semantic consistency between the rendered image and the real image using the FID (fréchet inception distance) of the panoramic image. The experimental results show that this rendering quality index can effectively evaluate the rendering quality of panoramic images, conform to human intuitive cognition, and obtain higher computational performance, which can provide support for maintaining user interaction immersion during virtual field trips.

Roadside Object Detection Algorithm Based on Single Shot Multibox Mechanism

XU Zhuodong, LAN Yizhou, SHANG Ke, WAN Zeyu, ZHANG Feizhou

2025, 61(4):  746-754.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2025.055

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To address the high structural similarity and low feature importance of the roadside image background, the object detection algorithm is improved based on the mechanism of Single Shot Multibox Detector (SSD). By introducing data preprocessing module and lightweight convolutional attention module, and adjusting the position of the attention module in the algorithm, an optimized roadside detection algorithm is established. The roadside object detection task is performed for daytime, nighttime scenarios and different levels of traffic flow, and the experimental results on the vehicle-road collaborative public dataset DAIR-V2X show that adding the attention module after the third pooling layer where the optimized algorithm extracts image features results in a 1.67% improvement in accuracy metrics mAP@0.5:0.95 with only a 2 FPS loss in detection speed, which can meet the speed and accuracy requirements of roadside object detection tasks and enhance the perception capability of the vehicle side.

Optimization Method and Planning Application of Ecological Security Pattern in Multi-Terrain Areas: A Case Study of Handan City

WANG Xuan, XU Zun

2025, 61(4):  755-768.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2025.061

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This article takes Handan City as a case study, and constructs an ecological security pattern by intergrating the morphological spatial pattern analysis model (MSPA), minimum cumulative resistance model (MCR), gravity model, and circuit theory. The results show that under the differences in land cover types such as mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands and cities, the overall focus of the pattern is biased towards mountainous and forested areas. Introducing terrain features to modify the model significantly improves the importance value of ecological corridors and patches in plain areas. The results indicate that the adjusted model can better adapt to multi-terrain areas and achieve a more balanced and stable regional ecological security pattern. The study further discusses applications of territorial planning based on the ecological security pattern, providing practical reference for precise control of ecological corridors, scientific division of ecological zones, guidance for land consolidation, and optimization of urban-rural space.

Coupling Coordination and Driving Factors Analysis of Ecological Carrying Capacity of Land and Water Resources in Hebei Province

BAI Hang, SONG Dongyang, TIAN Rui, ZHENG Jiaxin, PEI Xiaolong, ZHAO Zhongqiu

2025, 61(4):  769-780.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2025.045

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In order to clarify the relationship between land and water resources and environmental capacity in Hebei Province, and provide a scientific basis for the coordinated development of land and water resources, taking Hebei Province as an example, this study used the “provincial hectare” ecological footprint model to correct the equilibrium and yield factors of land and water resources, and analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution of the ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity from 2006 to 2021. The coupling coordination model was used to analyze the coupling coordination of ecological carrying capacity of land and water resources. The partial least squares method was employed for the analysis of the driving factors of the coupling coordination of ecological carrying capacity. The results show that land resources in Hebei Province are in ecological deficit, and the per capita ecological footprint value of land resources has an upward trend, with a growth rate of 42.86%. The per capita ecological carrying capacity has a downward trend, with a decline rate of 41.94%. Water resources are also in ecological deficit, and both the per capita ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity show upward trends, with growth rates of 36.89% and 131.03% respectively. The coupling coordination degree of ecological carrying capacity of land and water resources in Hebei Province is mainly between moderate dissonance and intermediate coordination. The mean value of coupling coordination of ecological carrying capacity in each city is above 0.42, and Baoding has the highest mean value (0.62). The driving factors are mainly reflected in the 3 dimensions of land resources, water resources and society, in which indicators such as per unit area standard grain yield, per capita water resources and per capita precipitation have a more significant impact on the degree of coupling coordination between the province and individual cities.

Impact of Combined Temperature-Inundation Stress on Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities Diversity in the Mangrove Plant Avicennia marina

XU Tianyun, LI Ruili, ZHANG Yueqi, SHEN Xiaoxue

2025, 61(4):  781-790.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2025.043

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To understand the impact of climate change on the rhizosphere microecosystems of mangrove plants, this study conducted controlled experiments on the mangrove plant Avicennia marina, in which combined stress was simulated with day/night temperature (control: 28/25°C; extreme low temperature: 8/5°C; extreme high temperature: 40/37°C) and inundation duration (control: 10 h/d; short inundation: 5 h/d; long inundation: 15 h/d). The aim was to explore the response of rhizosphere bacterial diversity, composition, and structure to combined temperature-inundation stress. The results showed that temperature and inundation stress reduced the diversity of rhizosphere bacteria, and extreme high temperature reduced the Chao1 index from 2367.6 to 2017.5 and the Shannon index from 2.40 to 2.11. Principal coordinates analysis revealed that temperature played a primary role in influencing the composition of the rhizosphere bacterial communities in A. marina. Under short inundation, the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria was 19%, lower than that of the control group (37%). Temperature and inundation stress significantly reduced the relative abundance of Pseudomonas, while extreme high temperature combined with short or long inundation increased the relative abundance of Geitlerinema. Additionally, compared with inundation, temperature had a greater impact on the rhizosphere community structure of A. marina, and an antagonistic effect existed between temperature and inundation, shifting the rhizosphere bacterial communities from cooperative to competitive interactions. 

Spatiotemporal Variations in Carbon Stock of Key Ecological Functional Zones under Construction Land Expansion and Scenario-Based Simulation Prediction: A Case Study of Huangping County, Guizhou Province

CHEN Ying, ZHOU Zhongfa SUN Yaopeng, ZHU Changli

2025, 61(4):  791-804.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2025.004

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Using land use data from 2010, 2015, and 2020, this study takes Huangping County, Guizhou Province—a national key ecological functional area—as an example. It couples the InVEST and PLUS-Markov models to analyze the characteristics of construction land expansion in Huangping County and its impact on the regional carbon stock. The study then predicts carbon stock changes in 2030 under three development scenarios (ecological protection, natural development, and economic construction), in line with the “14th Five-Year Plan”. The results show that from 2010 to 2020, the area of construction land in Huangping County increased by 1792.89 hm² (a growth rate of 33.65%), with urban, rural and industrial-mining land as the dominate types during the expansion. Construction land conversion caused a net carbon stock loss of 5.93×10⁴ t, primarily due to the conversion of forest land, farmland and grassland to construction land. Overall, the total carbon stock in Huangping County exhibited a growing trend from 2010 to 2020, increasing from 247.56×10⁵ t to 276.03×10⁵ t. Area with significant carbon stock growth, basically unchanged stock, and significant decline accounted for 69.28%, 6.27%, and 24.45% of the total area, respectively. By 2030, the projected carbon stocks under the ecological protection, natural development and economic construction scenarios will be 274.76×10⁵, 267.22×10⁵ and 266.76×10⁵ t, respectively. The study recommends implementing the scenario management mode of “ecological protection is the main focus, and economic construction is the supplement” from 2025 to 2030. 

Development and Psychometric Validation of the Preschool Screen Dependency Behavior Scale

BAI Qiyu, CHEN Pei, ZHANG Yuhan

2025, 61(4):  805-812.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2025.052

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There is a widespread phenomenon in current society where children are exposed to the internet at an early age and use electronic screens frequently. However, the academic community has not yet established a complete and clear operational definition of screen dependency behavior in preschoolers or developed effective behavioral identification tools. To address this issue, this study developed the Preschool Screen Dependency Behavior Scale for children aged 3–6 years. The study first recruited 21 parents of preschoolers to complete semi-structured interviews. Subsequently, a questionnaire survey was conducted, and the collected 633 valid parent responses were randomly divided into two groups: one group (n=333) for exploratory factor analysis and the other group (n=300) for confirmatory factor analysis and validity testing. The results showed that the Chinese Preschool Screen Dependency Behavior Scale (CPSD) consists of 9 items, comprising three factors: negative emotional resistance, physical function deterioration, and withdrawal difficulties. The confirmatory factor analysis model demonstrated fit indices (χ²/df= 3.02, RMSEA=0.077, CFI=0.875, TLI=0.922), with Cronbach’s α=0.903, indicating an acceptable reliability and validity of the questionnaire for measuring the degree of screen dependency behavior in 3–6-year-old preschoolers.

Development of College Student Environmental Sensitivity Scale and Its Reliability and Validity

SHAN Shuyu, LIANG Shuqian, LEI Xiuya, GAN Yiqun, CHEN Yidi

2025, 61(4):  813-820.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2025.057

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A measurement tool for environmental sensitivity among Chinese college students was developed, and its reliability and validity were tested. An initial questionnaire was compiled through interviews, with reference to existing scales. In Sample 1, 2416 college students were selected as participants, with item analysis and exploratory factor analysis performed using SPSS. Sample 2 included 3605 college students, who completed the initial College Student Environmental Sensitivity Scale and a criterion tool. For this sample, SPSS, AMOS and Mplus were used to conduct confirmatory factor analysis, criterion-related validity analysis and measurement equivalence test, yielding a final 18-item scale with four dimensions. The confirmatory factor analysis results showed good model fit and satisfactory construct validity. The Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.86, indicating good internal consistency. Using the total score of the SCL-90 scale and some dimension scores as criteria, a significant positive correlation was found. The College Student Environmental Sensitivity Scale demonstrates cross-gender and cross-grade equivalence, with good reliability and criterion validity among college students. It can thus be used to evaluate and study environmental sensitivity in Chinese college students.

Research Progress in Influencing Factors of Shipping Carbon Emissions

ZHAO Pengjun, KONG Weiya, KANG Tingting, XU Jiashi, YANG Yi

2025, 61(4):  821-832.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2025.017

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This review comprehensively and systematically examines the research on the mechanisms of carbon emissions in maritime transportation at both micro and macro levels, summarizing three major micro factors and three major macro factors, along with seven interrelated effects. Micro factors directly affect ships, including ship technology factors, fleet operation factors, and shipping physical factors. Macro factors affect micro parts through market regulation, and indirectly affect shipping carbon emissions, including international governance factors, trade factors, and disaster factors. Interactions between different factors and between factors and carbon emissions occur through scale effects, structure effects, technology effects, cost-saving effects, interruption effects, energy intensity effects, and activity intensity effects. Challenges in current maritime carbon reduction arise from the development and popularization of ship technology, the establishment of ship planning platforms, and the formulation of scientific and rational environmental tax policies. Future efforts should focus on further quantifying the specific impacts of ocean shipping on geopolitics and natural disasters, with particular attention to the vulnerability and coping strategies of global supply chains.