Table of Content

20 May 2011, Volume 47 Issue 3

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Resistive RAM: A Novel Generation Memory Technology

WANG Yuan,JIA Song,GAN Xuewen

2011, 47(3):  565-572. 

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Resistive random access memory (RRAM) is extensively concerned because of its excellent characteristics, namely, simple cell structure, high speed, low power and high density. The basic structure and operation principle of RRAM are presented. The promising RRAM technologies, such as 3D integration and multi-level storage, are discussed.

SIMS Zircon U-Pb Age of a Rhyolite Layer from the Halahatang Area, Northern Tarim, NW China: Constraint on the Eruption Age of Major Pulse of Tarim Flood Basalt

SHANGGUAN Shimai,TIAN Wei,LI Xianhua,GUAN Ping,PAN Mao,CHEN Mimi,PAN Wenqing

2011, 47(3):  561-564. 

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Seismological interpretation revealed that basalts are overlain by rhyolite in the Halahatang area, Northern Tarim, Northwest China. The overlying rhyolite is dated by SIMS zircon U-Pb method, yielding a precise concordia age of 287.3 ±2.0 Ma, which limits the latest eruption age of the underlying basalt and reveals that the eruption age of the main pulse of the Tarim flood basalt is before 287 Ma, not ~275 Ma.

Research Advances on Xylose-Fermenting Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ZHU Shunni,ZHANG Mingting,ZHOU Weizheng,ZHUANG Xinshu,XU Huijuan,QI Wei,YUAN Zhenhong

2011, 47(3):  573-580. 

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Bioconversion of lignocellulosic raw materials into ethanol has aroused extensive attention in recent years. High ethanol yields are dependent on co-fermentation of hexose and pentose sugars present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. However the traditional ethanologenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been found to be unable to ferment xylose and also unable to utilize this pentose sugar for growth. Hence attempts have been made to construct various recombinant yeasts to improve the ability of xylose fermentation. In this article, progress in development of xylose-fermenting recombinant S. cerevisiae strains is reviewed, including naturally occurring xylose-fermenting microorganisms, xylose metabolic pathway, metabolic engineering of S. cerevisiae, protoplast fusion and genome shuffling. Problems existing in current researches and prospects are also discussed.

Renormalization Group Study of Superfluid Density in Two-Dimensional Boson System

HE Peisong,OH Sungjin,CHEN Yu,TIAN Guangshan

2011, 47(3):  389-396. 

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Superfluid density and stiffness of two-dimensional weakly interacting Boson system at zero temperature are calculated by one-loop renormalization group method using Holzmann-Baym formula. The result shows that when the contributions of high energy fluctuations dominate, both superfluid density and superfluid stiffness exhibit scaling behavior with respect to chemical potential. This result is qualitatively consistent with other researchers’result.

Design of Reconfigurable Processor ReMAP for Video Codec

DAI Peng,YONG Shanshan,WANG Xin’an,ZHANG Xing

2011, 47(3):  418-426. 

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A coarse-grain reconfigurable processor ReMAP-2 is proposed for video codec applications which shares several important characteristics: compute intensity, parallelism, and locality. ReMAP-2 comprises of a reconfigurable array of processing elements and interconnect network with neighborly connect and segment buses, which possesses good scalability. The architecture can change the function of processing elements and the data path of the reconfigurable array by uploading different configuration stream for different applications, which is suit for multiple standard of video codec. The simulation result shows that ReMAP-2 can achieve much better performance than common media processors. The compute capability is close to or same as ASIC implementation and meanwhile it has upstanding flexibility.

Study on Bacterioplankton Community in Wujin River

ZOU Li,HUANG Yi,XIE Shuguang

2011, 47(3):  513-518. 

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The bacterioplankton community structure in Wujin River was investigated by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) technique in combination with 16S rRNA clone library analysis. The T-RFLP fingerprints analysis shows high diversity and low evenness among the bacterioplankton community. A 16S rRNA gene clone library was also constructed. The results based on Ribosomal Database Project Ⅱ show that there were relatively abundant bacterial species in Wujin River and the predominant bacteria belonged to the genera of Proteobacteria. The BLAST results indicate the proportion of clones with middle or high similarity to known sequences in GenBank was high, while many unknown microorganisms were also present. Moreover, the possible environmental links of known genera were also discussed.

A Passive UHF RFID Transponder with Novel Clock Generator

FENG Xiaoxing,WANG Xin’an,ZHANG Xing,GE Binjie

2011, 47(3):  404-410. 

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An ultra-low power passive UHF RFID transponder complying with ISO/IEC 18000-6B protocol is presented. In order to provide an accurate clock for the digital baseband processing, an ultra-low power and self-calibrated clock generator is designed and implemented in the transponder with a clock variation within 4% against temperature from -50℃ to 120 ℃ or supply voltage from 0.7 to 1.6 V. Total power consumption of the novel clock generator is only 364 nW with 0.7V supply voltage. Further, a low voltage bandgap reference which generates 0.96 V with 100 nA current consumption is introduced. In digital baseband, clock gating and module reuse strategies are employed to further reduce the power consumption to 1.17 μW. This design is fabricated in 0.18 μm mix-signal CMOS process with a die size of 0.75 mm×0.75 mm. Measurement results show that the proposed RFID transponder operates with a sensitivity of -10 dBm.

Asymptotic Distributions of Order Statistics from Doubly Truncated Cauchy Distribution

KUANG Nenghui,CHEN Yong

2011, 47(3):  385-388. 

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Let {X_k, 1 ≤k ≤n} be independent and identically distributed random variables, and X_1:n, X_2:n, … , X_n:n their order statistics. When X_k follows doubly truncated Cauchy distribution with parameters A, B(A1:n and X_n:n are obtained. For a fixed integer k> 1, the asymptotic distributions of X_n:n and X_n-k+1:n are also obtained. What’s more, it proves that X_1:n and X_n:n are asymptotically independent.

A Constant Sending Symbol Rate Adaptive SC-FDE Scheme

WANG Wujun,JIANG Wei,DONG Mingke,LIANG Qinglin

2011, 47(3):  411-417. 

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The authors emphasize on transmitter adaption problem of SC-FDE, and propose an ASC-FDE scheme characterized by constant sending info rate and average block power based on PCSI, or CR-ASC-FDE, and theoretically analyze its block average signal to noise ratios employing ZF and MMSE linear equalization methods. Simulations show that the proposed CR-ASC-FDE scheme has much better BER performance than traditional SC-FDE, improves BER performance compared with another ASC-FDE scheme and its OFDM counterpart, and also proves ZF algorithm to be an ideal linear equalization method for PCSI-based ASC-FDE schemes.

Application-Specific Graphical Caching Scheme for Thin-Client Computing

ZHANG Yang,GUAN Xuetao,CHENG Xu

2011, 47(3):  427-434. 

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The authors investigate raw pixel redundancy caused by repainting application’s graphical objects and propose an application-specific graphical caching scheme to recognize and reduce this class redundancy. Effectiveness of the scheme is proved by implementation in frame buffer based thin-client system VNC. The experimental results show that the scheme could reduce about 17.8%-22.7% network traffic and most of high latencies caused by screen redundancy for the tested scenarios. Meanwhile the scheme costs only little additional computation and memory resource.

An Improved Effective Electromagnetic Parameters Retrieval Method

HU Zhenyan,ZHOU Lezhu

2011, 47(3):  435-442. 

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This paper presents a novel improved method to retrieve the effective constitutive electromagnetic parameters of metamaterials based on the investigation of traditional S-parameter retrieval method. This method can be applied to both left-handed metamaterials(LHM) and traditional right-handed metamaterials. The improved method possesses three advantages. 1) The improved method employs inverse sine function to retrieve effective refractive index n. It can obtain the correct sign of n naturally without the additional constraint conditions n^" ≥0 and z^' ≥0 . It can avoid the potential errors of judgment induced by using the above two conditions. 2) It gives a very clear and definite solution to select the correct branches of the multi-value inverse sine function, which solves the well-known“branch” problem of traditional S-parameter retrieval. 3) The proposed method can be used to both thin and thick meta materials. It overcomes the limit that the traditional S-parameter retrieval works well only for thin slabs. The proposed method is applied to homogeneous double-negative and double-positive slabs, as well as the typical SRR-rods LHM. The successful retrieval results prove the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method.

A Method for Measuring J/Ψ Polarization in Hadron Collisions

HU Zhen,GUO Shuang,Eric James,QIAN Sijin

2011, 47(3):  397-403. 

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The authors describe a method for measuring the polarization of prompt J/Ψ mesons produced in proton-proton collisions at the center of mass energy s = 10 TeV (and above) as a function of the J/Ψ transverse momentum. This measurement can be made with ~50 pb^-1 of data to be collected by the CMS detector during the first period of LHC operations. The authors study potential biases in the fit procedure used to extract the polarization parameter α, and to determine the expected measurement sensitivity. The precision of the method is limited by statistics and systematic uncertainties, and is estimated about αstat < 0.13, αsyst < 0.01. This measurement is expected to provide some insight into the currently observed disagreement between the non-relativistic QCD theory and the recent J/Ψ polarization measurements by CDF on the Tevatron collider at Fermilab.

A Qualitative Interpolative Inference Method for Incomplete Rule Base

ZHU Jianjun,TAN Shaohua

2011, 47(3):  443-452. 

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The authors developed a new interpolative inference method and provided its algorithm based on ternary qualitative analysis theory, and applied the new method to an example on an classical case of the Finite Inference Problem. The result illustrates effectivity and accuracy of the new method for solving the Finite Inference Problem.

Studies of Photoluminescence and Microcavity Properties of One-Dimensional CdS Nanostructures

YAN Guoqing,LI Dan,ZHANG Lihuan,ZHAO Bowen,FU Xiuli,GAO Min

2011, 47(3):  453-458. 

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The authors perform combined temperature dependent macro-photoluminescence (PL) and confocal spatially resolved PL measurements to study the luminescence mechanism and the microcavity properties of one-dimensional CdS nanostructures (nanobelts and nanorods) grown by catalyst-assisted chemical vapor deposition. The dependence of the PL on the temperature (10-290 K) indicates clearly that the room temperature near band edge (NBE) emission mainly consists of excitonic emission and its phonon replicas. Both the end facets and the sidewalls of individual nanostructures may exhibit strong confinement on the NBE emission, leading to Fabry-Perot (FP) and whispering gallery (WG) cavities with pronounced nonlinear characteristics. The deep level defect emission forms strong cavity modes with equal spacings in WG cavities, but experiences large damping along the nanostructure axes in FP cavities. The results are helpful in understanding the mechanisms of the nanostructure optical microcavities, and support the exciton-polariton model of the exciton-related cavity modes.

In-situ Field Emission Studies of Individual One-Dimensional Nanostructures Based on Scanning Electron Microscope

LIU Zhao,YAN Guoqing,LAI Jialin,LI Chengyao,XIAO Jing,WANG Sheng,GAO Min

2011, 47(3):  459-465. 

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This paper reports on methods and examples of in-situ field emission measurements of individual one-dimensional nanostructures based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) and nanoprobe techniques. In the experimental setup, tungsten (W) tips and nanostructures acted as electron-receivers and emitters, respectively, based on which systematic studies of individual MWCNTs and ZnO nanowires were realized. By combining real-time imaging, nanoprobe technique for precise nanomanipulation and electric measurement, and light input, experiments were performed to study the influences of the receiver-emitter distance, morphology variation, adsorbed gas molecules, and laser irradiation. Results demonstrate that when D << 3L (L is the length of nanostructures), the turn-on fields and threshold fields increase with the decreasing D, indicating degraded field emission property. Besides, the increased curvature radius of nanostructures results in reduced field enhancement factor and field emission property. In addition, desorption of oxygen molecules and laser radiation improve the field emission properties of nanostructures.

Environmental Changes and Human Activities on Both Sides of Sarah Wusu River, in Song (Xixia) and Yuan Dynasty

HU Ke,MO Duowen,WANG Hui,ZHANG Yifei

2011, 47(3):  466-474. 

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Based on comprehensive analysis of the stratigraphic age, ancient ruins distribution, pollen analysis nearby Sarah Wusu River and archaeological information, ancient literature about this river, combined with field investigation, the authors found that the geomorphology hydrologic situation, vegetation, desertification and human activities have changed a lot on both sides of Sarah Wusu River since the Tang Dynasty. These changes are the results of both downcutting and climate change of Sarah Wusu River. The deep valley of Sarah Wusu River began to form after mid and late Tang Dynasty, and there were few lakes with almost no human activities before that time. The downcutting of Sarah Wusu River formed wetlands environment on it’s both sides in the Song and Yuan Dynasties which was suitable for the lush pastoral economy, resulting in prosperity of human activities. After the Yuan Dynasty, the depth of the river was too deep, causing the deterioration of the hydrological conditions. Along with climate change and human activities, it led to decline of environment and human activities. It was also an important reason for the desertification event in late Ming Dynasty.

Effect of Thermal Convection on Soil Temperature and Energy Balance

KONG Lijing,LIU Shuhua,Lu Shihua,ZHANG Yu

2011, 47(3):  475-482. 

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The authors coupled the heat convection caused by water vertical movement to the traditional soil heat conduction equation. Utilizing the data collected at Jinta Oasis from June 11 to 15, 2005, the thermal diffusivity and the liquid water flux density were calculated respectively. Based on the results of soil thermal diffusivity, taking the soil layer at the depth of 0.05 m as the upper boundary, the authors modeled the temperature for the soil layer at the depth of 0.10m and 0.20m by means of the two methods mentioned above, and compared the surface energy closure factor which calculated by the two methods. The results show that the thermal conduction-convection algorithm can estimate the soil temperature well and the role of thermal convection can improve the soil surface energy closure factor 6% or so.

Temporal Variation of Virtual Water of Selected Agricultural Products in Northeastern China

HUANG Jiao,GAO Yang,LI Shuangcheng

2011, 47(3):  505-512. 

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The authors investigated the temporal and spatial patterns of the virtual water content (/kg) and total virtual water requirements for rice, wheat, maize and soybeans in Liaoning Province, Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province in Northeastern China from 1988 to 2008. The results show that soybeans had the highest water demand per kilogram, followed by wheat, rice and maize. Spatial variations were evident. Per kilogram rice consumes more water in Heilongjiang, while wheat in Jilin, maize and soybeans in Liaoning. In Heilongjiang, rice, wheat and soybeans had the highest total virtual water needs, 8.60×10⁹, 3.98×10⁹ and 1.22×10¹⁰m³, respectively. Whereas the largest total virtual water for maize (1.08×10¹⁰m³) appeared in Jilin Province. During the studied period, water demands per kilogram of soybeans and wheat fluctuated, while for rice and maize the demands were stable. As to total virtual water demand, it increased for maize and rice, whereas decreased significantly for wheat. These findings provide insights on the water demand of the four crops, and thus are meaningful for decision-makers.

Application of 3D Geosciences Modeling Technology and Kriging Method for Solid Mine Reserves Estimation

MA Chong,PAN Mao,JIN Yi,YAO Lingqing

2011, 47(3):  483-490. 

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Based on the previous research in the realization and application of Kriging method on the computer, the authors introduce the theory, procedure and key technologies of the application of 3D geosciences modeling technology in creating orebody grade model. The basic procedure is as follows: construct 3D surface model of orebody with actual geological data; generate 3D block model of orebody from tin model; generate 3D grade model of orebody with Kriging method; estimate mine reserves using the grade model. Besides, this paper applies the above method to estimate the reserves of a copper mine in Tibet to provide empirical evidence. Analysis and comparison of the estimation results illustrate the advantages of application of 3D geosciences modeling technology on Kriging method for solid mine reserves estimation.

Research on Geographical Event Model for Spatial Data Active Updating

AN Xiaoya,LI Ying,SUN Qun,YAN Wei

2011, 47(3):  491-498. 

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The authors present the mechanism of spatial data active updating derived by GECA (geographical event-condition-action) rules to improve the level of spatial data updating automatization. Modeling and expressing spatio-temporal variations process of geographical feature is the key of active updating. The geographical event is as a concept entity for describing dynamic changes and dynamic processing of geographical feature. The authors propose a geographical event model for spatial data active updating emphatically based on conceptual model and predication expression, and design the database logical expression frame and the detection and storage flow for geographical event. Proved by the example for settlement places and roads, this kind of model can describe the dynamic spatio-temporal changes of entity in the process of data updating effectively also with the function of history retrospect. At last, the active updating example is presented, the result indicate that the mechanism can improve the efficiency of updating.

Assessment of Environmental Benefits from Phasing out CFCs in Refrigerator Industry of China

WAN Tingting,WAN Dan,WANG Lei,DOU Yanwe,SUN Xuezhi,HU Jianxin

2011, 47(3):  499-504. 

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The environmental benefits for phasing out CFCs in China’s refrigerator sector, such as the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases, ozone-depleting substances and the electricity consumption, were analyzed by comparing the scenario of phasing out CFCs to the non-Montreal Protocol baseline scenario, respectively. It was found that 273.5 million tons CO₂-eq and 4.7×10⁴ tons ODP had been reduced by the end of 2008. After 2008, 619.8 million tons CO₂-eq and 1.0×10⁵ tons ODP will be reduced. Phasing out CFCs in China’s refrigerator industry made a considerable contribution to relieve global warming and reduce ozone depletion substances. By using substitute refrigerants, 2.8×10¹⁰ kWh of electricity was saved, which was equivalent to 24.2 million tons CO₂ and of great practical significance in China’s resource conservation, energy-saving and emission-reduction.

Interaction of Ambient PM₁₀ among the Cities over the Pearl River Delta

HU Xiaoyu,LI Yunpeng,LI Jinfeng,WANG Xuesong,ZHANG Yuanhang

2011, 47(3):  519-524. 

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The Models-3/CMAQ modeling system was applied to investigate PM₁₀ pollution over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region during October 2006. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between the reduction of different source emissions and the consequent change of PM₁₀ concentrations, and to quantify the interaction of air pollution among adjacent cities. The results show that PM₁₀ pollution is a regional-scale issue in PRD. Guangzhou, Foshan, Jiangmen, and Dongguan contribute to the PM₁₀ in PRD remarkably. The relative sensitivity coefficient was proposed to determine the impact of regional pollution sources. The PM₁₀ concentrations in Zhuhai, Jiangmen, Zhongshan, and Foshan cities are significantly influenced by regional source emissions. The intercity transport has been the important factor of PM₁₀ pollution in PRD. To improve the air quality in PRD area, effective control of emission sources should be highly reinforced, together with consentaneous programming, intensive collaboration, joint prevention and control.

Conception, Connotation and Research Framework for Environmentally Sustainable Transport Management

WANG Zhen,GUO Huaicheng

2011, 47(3):  525-530. 

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Last three decades, China has experienced a fast economic growing and urbanization process. The dramatically increasing of urban population enlarged the demand of transportation, which has caused serious environmental problems. Sustainable transport research, as an effective way to deal with these dilemmas, has been booming after the “Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) Project” of OECD in 2000. But, it’s still on the road before its theory, methodology and application been consummated. The authors expatiate the definition, characteristic, objects and aims of environmentally sustainable transport management. A research framework, consisting of system dynamic forecasting, external analysis, comprehensive assessment, inexact optimization and backcasting approach, is proposed to assist decision making for transport environment management.

Ecological Suitability Assessment of Urban Land Use Based on GIS: Synthesis of Ecological Footprint Analysis and Eco-system Service

ZHANG Hao,ZHAO Zhijie

2011, 47(3):  531-538. 

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In the case of developmental zone along Taizhou River, the authors added two important indicators (ecological footprint analysis and ecological service value) into evaluation system for improving the evaluation framework. Single factor assessment with GIS/RS technology was carried out, of which this two factors on the ecological suitability classification was mainly discussed. Weights of all factors were determined by hierarchical analysis. Finally, map of ecological suitability assessment of urban land use could be generated through overlaying of all single factor assessment layers, making the ecological suitability classes more scientifically and obtaining urban land constructiveness. The results show that the approach with ecological footprint and ecological service functions value as important indices is quite necessary for the ecological suitability classification, and the result is more reasonable and suitable for the regional sustainable development.

Catalytic Combustion of Anthracite Coal with Different Density Fractions

JI Li,WANG Ping,ZHANG Hong,LI Yanan,LU Chao

2011, 47(3):  539-544. 

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The effects of K₂CO₃ on combustion property and kinetics of different fraction coal samples were investigated with a non-isothermal thermogravimetry. The results show that K₂CO₃ can improve the combustibility of pulverized coal. When the optimum value of the K₂CO₃ loading is 15%, the ignition temperature of the lower density fraction decreases by 56.7 ℃ comparing with a medium density fraction decreasing by 30 ℃. The temperature of maximum rate decreases first and then increases with the load of K₂CO₃ increasing, but it is always lower than untreated coal. K₂CO₃ has more effect on coal sample with low density fraction than that with high density fraction under the best circumstance, because of high mineral content and low K⁺ iron in medium density fraction. Oxygen-transfer can explain the reason and K₂CO₃ reduce the apparent activated energy.

Characteristics and Impact Factors of Litter Quantity and Development in Green Space of Shenzhen

ZHANG Xuan,TANG Qinglong,ZHANG Mingjie,ZENG Hui

2011, 47(3):  545-551. 

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The authors analyze the characteristics of the quantity and development of plant litter in Shenzhen, the correlation of standing stocks of different green-space type with the coverage of arboreal, shrub and herb, the edge disturbance, the frequency of treatment and the distance from the nearest road. Sanitation Department and Green Office are investigated to analyze the litter management and treatments. The results show that the highest quantity and best development of litter is found in the urban green-space type of natural forest, the productive green space and road greenbelt are in the next place; the worst is the roadside trees. Multiple correlation analysis show that the standing stocks of existing litter is highly related with the frequency of treatment and the coverage of shrub. Multiple Linear Regression Models including all influencing factors of different green-space types can explain 40.6%-93.3% of the variation in standing stocks. Green spaces in Shenzhen are arranged by the human-impact level on their litter from the worst to best as: roadside trees; the village green space, unit attached green space, park green space and community green space; the productive forest and road greenbelt; the natural forest.

An Integrated Methodology Framework for Cumulative Environmental Assessment of Regional Development Plan

DU Xiaoshang,LIU Yong,GUO Huaicheng,LIU Hui,YANG Pingjian,YANG Yonghui

2011, 47(3):  552-560. 

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An integrated methodology framework was proposed to acknowledge the important role of cumulative environmental assessment (CEA) in the strategic environmental assessment of regional development plan (RDP). The developed CEA framework consisted of nine steps, including (a) analysis of regional development plan, (b) identification of environmental responses, (c) determination of CEA scales, (d) network analysis of pressures and responses, (e)baselines for CEA, (f) scenarios development, (g) cumulative assessment and early warning, (h) mitigative measures of environmental consequences, and (i) adaptive management. Scenario analysis and system dynamic (SD) models were integrated to deal with the uncertainties and dynamics in the RDP system. The cumulative environmental consequences at various temporal and spatial scales were assessed using the integrated models. The RDP of Zhengzhou Airport Zone (ZZAZ) was taken as a case and its CEA and early warning for regional air and ground water was carried out. Four scenarios were proposed after the comprehensive of ZZAZ’s RDP and the identification of environmental consequences. System dynamic model was developed for temporal and spatial CEA, combined with air and water mechanistic models. Several strategies were proposed based on CEA results to mitigate the consequences, including (a) adjustment of spatial ecological patterns at regional scale, (b) optimization of regional industries structure, (c) pollution control, and (d) adaptive management.