城镇化过程中陂塘景观系统的特征演变与成因分析

doi:10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.060

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以重庆两江新区为研究区域, 以2000年和2012年的遥感影像为主要数据源, 运用地理信息系统和景观生态指标等研究方法, 通过陂塘的数量、面积、密度、破碎度、分离度和连接度等指标来研究陂塘景观的数量特征和空间分布特征的变化规律, 以及城镇化建设与陂塘景观变化之间的关系。通过水田、旱地、疏林草地、林地、水域和建设用地等指标来研究陂塘周边用地基质的变化规律。结果表明: 1) 在12年间陂塘显著削减, 数量由1906个削减为270个, 水面面积由175.9 hm²降至59.2 hm², 数量减少85.8%, 面积减少66.3%; 2) 快速扩张的城镇化建设是导致陂塘景观荒废和消失的主要原因, 其中影响最大的是道路广场用地和旱地(待建设用地); 3) 空间分布上远离建成区的陂塘斑块存活率较高, 且保留的陂塘水面面积主要为0.1~1 hm²; 4) 大部分保留的陂塘景观利用价值低, 居住用地中保留的陂塘是最完整的, 也是最具有后续生态利用价值的。研究结果可以为现代海绵城市规划建设提供依据。

关键词: 陂塘, 海绵城市, 城镇化, 景观特征, 土地利用, 生态价值

Abstract:

The study analyzes changes in landscape characteristics of ponds in the Liangjiang New Area. The spatial and temporal changes of ponds were present by quantitative characteristics and spatial distribution characteristics using remote sensing images of 2000 and 2012. Landscape metrics of amount, surface area and density of ponds were calculated to analyze quantitative characteristic changes of ponds associated with increased urbanization. Landscape indices of fragmentation, resolution and connectedness were utilized to describe changes in spatial networks of ponds based on GIS, as well as the relationships between urbanization and them. PLANDS of buffer area around ponds were calculated to analyze changes of lands around ponds, which combined paddy, upland, grassland, woodland, water area and construction area. The results show that the number of ponds was significantly reduced from 1906 to 270 with a reduction rate of 85.8%, and the water surface area decreased from 175.9 to 59.2 hectare with a reduction rate of 66.3% during the 12 years. Increased urbanization is the main reason of the persistent decrease of ponds, especially the effect of roads, squares and lands to be built. Ponds would have a bigger chance to exist if they have a long distance from built-up areas in space distribution. The surface area of ponds existed are between 0.1 to 1 hectare. However, most of the ponds existed had low utilization value except the complete ponds in the residential land with ecological value. The results offer some suggestions for modern sponge city construction.

Key words: ponds, sponge city, urbanization, landscape characteristic, land use, ecological value

中图分类号:

TP984

王志芳, 朱刚露. 城镇化过程中陂塘景观系统的特征演变与成因分析[J]. 北京大学学报自然科学版, 2017, 53(4): 701-709.

Zhifang WANG, Ganglu ZHU. A Study on Characteristic Changes and Causes of Pond Landscape Systems in the Process of Urbanization[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2017, 53(4): 701-709.

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链接本文: https://xbna.pku.edu.cn/CN/10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.060

https://xbna.pku.edu.cn/CN/Y2017/V53/I4/701

图/表 14

图1 市域尺度上研究区域区位(a)和周边概况(b)

Fig. 1 Location (a) and surrounding environment (b) of the study area within Chongqing

图2 2000和2012年用地类型

Fig. 2 Land use of the study area in 2000 and 2012

图3 2000和2012年保留陂塘斑块空间分布

Fig. 3 Space distribution map of ponds reserved in 2000 and 2012

表1 陂塘景观数量特征变化统计

Table 1 Changes of quantity characteristic of ponds

年份	数量	水面总面积/10⁴m²	平均水面面积/10⁴m²	最大面积/10⁴m²	最小面积/m²
2000	1906	175.9	0.1	7.7	0.2
2012	270	59.2	0.2	3.3	2.2

表2 陂塘景观空间结构特征变化统计

Table 2 Changes of spatial characteristic of ponds

年份	密度/10^-6m^-2	破碎度/10^-4m^-2	分离度	结构连接度
年份	密度/10^-6m^-2	破碎度/10^-4m^-2	分离度	平均距离/m	平均最邻近距离/m
2000	16.4	10.8	10.3	5413.3	54.4
2012	2.3	4.6	53.5	5289.2	113.7

图4 2000—2012年期间消失的陂塘与增加的建成区用地标准差椭圆

Fig. 4 Standard deviation ellipse of disappeared ponds and built-up area from 2000 to 2012

图5 2000和2012年不同面积层级的陂塘水面总面积

Fig. 5 Surface areas of ponds in different levels in 2000 and 2012

图6 用地基质景观面积比例

Fig. 6 PLAND of different matrices

图7 陂塘斑块50和100 m缓冲区用地基质景观面积比

Fig. 7 PLAND of different matrices about 50 and 100 meters buffer zone around ponds

表3 用地基质转移矩阵统计

Table 3 Transition matrix of land

项目	用地类型	2012年用地面积/10⁴m²							2000年用地面积/10⁴m²	2000年面积比例%	用地中陂塘面积比例/%
项目	用地类型	水田	旱地	疏林草地	林地	水域	建成区	陂塘	2000年用地面积/10⁴m²	2000年面积比例%	用地中陂塘面积比例/%
2000年用地面积/(10⁴m²)	水田	331.5	219.5	202.0	115.3	8.5	659.3	15.00	1551	36.8	37.9
	旱地	10.3	160.3	66.8	56.8	3.0	218.3	1.0	516.5	12.2	9.3
	疏林草地	78.0	192.3	317.8	71.8	3.3	572.3	7.0	1242.25	29.4	27.6
	林地	33.5	65.8	29.3	195.5	5.8	138.5	4.0	472.3	11.2	9.6
	水域	6.0	8.5	7.3	5.3	28.00	49.5	4.3	108.8	2.6	11.5
	建成区	1.0	6.5	12.0	2.3	2.3	134.0	0.5	158.5	3.8	4.2
	陂塘	20.8	19.3	21.8	6.8	4.3	85.3	13.00	171	4.1	100
2012年用地面积/10⁴m²		481	672	656.8	453.5	55	1857	44.75
2012年面积比例/%		11.4	15.9	15.	10.8	1.3	44.0	1.1
用地中陂塘面积比例/%		15.7	32.5	12.2	15.7	11.9	12.0	100

图8 5类建成区用地中陂塘水面面积统计

Fig. 8 Surface areas of ponds within five kinds of built-up districts

图9 2000与2012年居住区用地水库对比

Fig. 9 Reservoirs of residential area in 2000 and 2012

图10 陂塘景观消减成因分析

Fig. 10 Analysis of the causes of the pond decrease

表4 道路缓冲区内陂塘面积比例统计

Table 4 Area ratio of ponds in different buffers around road

缓冲区/m	陂塘面积比/%
缓冲区/m	2000年	2012年
0~200	5.4	40.0
200~400	5.4	29.8
400~600	5.6	14.5
600~800	8.8	7.6
800~1000	6.2	2.2
>1000	68.6	5.9

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