Based on ZY-3 high resolution satellite image and digital elevation model (DEM), the authors obtained volcanic geomorphology features in Aershan volcanic region by means of satellite image interpretation, the relief degree of surface and surficial-slope analysis. According to the results of the study, 19 Quaternary volcanos were found. They could be divided into five categories. The landforms can be divided into four classes according to relief degree of surface. Low position middle mountain is the main type (39.61%), followed by low position low mountain (36.24%). 80% of the long axis direction of the elliptical volcanic cones are ranging from 45° to 75° with a median value of 58.5°. It is parallel to the NE-trending volcanic chain of Xiaodonggou volcano-Shihaogou basin volcano-Yanshan-Gaoshan. The horseshoe-shaped craters are in the direction of NE, SW and NW. The median difference between NE and SW horseshoe-shaped craters is about 180°. The NW horseshoe craters are almost parallel to NW faults. The authors predict that there are NE faults controlling volcanic eruption and distribution. Thereby an inference can be drawn that the NE-trending fractured zones were controlled by Mesozoic basement faults in the study area, and provided the channel for magma to approach. Fracture controlled the magma ascending and the formation of NE-trending volcanic apparatus, and eventually affected the distribution of volcanic cones and morphology.
Based on the data of three seismic work areas in the Lower Congo Basin, nine typical salt-related tectonic patterns are summarized in the basin and the distribution pattern of salt structures is confirmed. Established with the base tilt angle as a single variable based on the discrete element numerical simulation method, and evolution results of the structure and motion vectors are obtained. With the increase of the basement inclination angle, the flow velocity of salt rock and its overlying sediments gradually increases, and the subsequent terrigenous sediment transport distance is also longer. The basement inclination mainly has three kinds of control effects on the salt rock flow: differential compaction as the master control, differential compaction and gravity gliding combined, gravity gliding as master control. These three control effects are all affected by the basement inclination angle and appear in turn with the change of the angle. Based on the analysis results above, control pattern of basement inclination on salt rock flow in the passive margin basin of the South Atlantic is established.
Using remote sensing image for the aeolian morphology and high resolution ancient monsoon indicators, the authors restore how the wind blows in Qaidam Basin since late Holocene. The results show that the prevailing winds of the basin were northwest winds, at the same time there were a small amount of westerly and north wind, with the summer monsoon and westerly circulation having little effect on the wind models. The eastern dune and Yardang landforms of the basin recorded the westerly winds of the last glacial, but the landforms in the midwest indicated that the Asian winter monsoon developed from the northwest during late Holocene. The changes in the atmospheric circulation model took place around 4000 aBP years ago, which was an important node, basin climate shifting from warm and humid to cold and dry.
On the basis of a previous algorithm of cloud detection, clouds and aerosols are distinguished by analyzing the backscatter signals of a micro pulse lidar. In this way, the content of clouds are classified into ice, water, mixed-phase clouds and horizontal oriented ice flakes. Finally, the supercooled water clouds are distinguished from water clouds by the information of temperature profiles. The monthly changes of the appearance heights and proportions of the various clouds are also calculated with one-year observations over the lidar site. The supercooled clouds are found to appear at 9.84% of all the cloudy time, and 11.99% of all the time for clouds at from 0℃ to − 40℃.
Based on field investigation, the previous scientific research and studies of genesis, shapes, scales of geoheritage resources, the authors divided the geoheritage resources of Taihang Mountain into 5 categories, i.e., geological profiles, geological structure, paleontology, geomorphologic landscape and water landscape. The most typical geological heritages are tectonic landform, fluvial landform, rock landform and waterfall landform. Combined with Cenozoic geological background of Taihang Mountain, the interrelationship and genesis of planation surface, canyon landform, waterfall landform and karst landform was studied in detail. The results have great significance in promoting the scientific value of the geological heritage and provide lots of materials for the study of the evolution of Taihang Mountain.
The oil geology feature of Vienna Basin was summarized and potential of exploration was discussed by analysising the strata of Vienna Basin and fracture development characteristics. Vienna Basin is a pull-apart basin located between the East Alps and West Carpathian. Its basement is composed of the Hercynian Bohemian Massif and Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata. The tectonic evolution can be divided into three stages, including Jurassic extensional rifting, Cretaceous-Early Miocene over-thrusting and Middle Miocene pull-parting stage. There are three structural lays from top to bottom, Jurassic-Cretaceous autochthonous, Permian-Paleogene allochthonous Alpine nappes and Neogene sediments. There are two sets of source rocks: the upper Jurassic marls and Paleogene shale, among which, the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridgian Malmian marls are considered to be the major source rocks. Reservoirs occur at various horizons from Triassic to Neogene Miocene strata, among which, the most important reservoirs are Miocene sandstones that deposit in shallow-water delta environment and contain 76% of all reserves, and the minor reservoirs are the Triassic dolosparite. Neogene shales provide the regional top-seal. After evaluation, it is considered that Mesozoic allochthonous napps (flysch turbidite and Triassic dolomite) and Mesozoic autochthonous succession (the second and the third structural layer) are the most prospective for exploration.
The Liaonan metamorphic core complex (MCC) developed a NNE trend, NWW-dipped, low-angle detachment fault. Ductile shear zone occurred in the lower part and mainly consists of mylonitic granitic gneisses, which indicated a top-to-NWW shearing. Finite strain measurement of feldspar strain markers were estimated by the Rf /φ method. It suggested that strain intensities of mylonites (Es) changed from 0.36 to 1.0 with an average of 0.75. Fulin and Hossack diagrams indicated strain types were close to flattening strain (lod parameter υ=0.11-0.98). Kinematic vorticity of mylonitic foliations and stretching lineations were estimated by Mohr diagram method and long and short axis method. The results indicated that kinematic vorticity ranged from 0.74 to 0.96 with an average of 0.85, which suggested that the foliations and lineations of mylonites recorded a bulk simple-dominated general shearing. The Kinematic vorticity during formation of extensional crenulation cleavage estimated by C′ method ranged from 0.10 to 0.84 with 0.58 on average. It recorded a later bulk pure-dominated general shearing. Based on the strain measurement, kinematic vorticity and thickness of the detachment fault, the quantification of thinning for the ductile shearing were calculated, which ranged from 130 to 705 m. All results suggested that the deformation mechanism of the Liaonan MCC was represented by earlier simple-dominated shearing and later pure-dominated shearing.
