Table of Content

20 September 2019, Volume 55 Issue 5

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PKU ROSE Array: A Road Seismological Array Deployed by Peking University

WEN Jingchong, BAO Tiezhao, FENG Yongge, NING Jieyuan

2019, 55(5):  791-797.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.078

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From April to May 2018, two phases of road seismological intensive array observation (PKU ROSE Array, Peking University-deployed ROed SEismological Array) are implemented in Rongcheng County of Hebei Province. The observation instruments include 200 short-period seismographs and 22 very broad-band seismographs. The observation array spans high-speed and ordinary railway, high-speed and ordinary road. Clock calibration was carried out by consistency test and teleseismic waveform, and nearly 500 thousand high-speed-rail seismic records were obtained. These seismic records can be used to study the sources and wave field characteristics of high-speed rail or other roads, carry out 4D imaging of shallow and deep underground structures, serving road safety, earthquake prediction, environmental monitoring, resource and energy exploration, underground space development and utilization, and smart city construction.

Using the Data from One Receiver to Estimate Running Velocity of High-Speed Train

WANG Xiaokai, WANG Baoli, CHEN Wenchao, LI Jiaqi

2019, 55(5):  798-804.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.071

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Based on the fixed carriage structure assumption, the acquired dataset from one receiver near the highspeed railway can be used to estimate running velocity of high-speed train (HST). We derive the relationship between the load function and the speed of the railway, and then propose the HST velocity estimating method based on velocity scanning. Firstly, this method generates a series of amplitude spectra of load function according to a series of preset velocity. Then a series of cross-correlation coefficients between the pre-computed amplitude spectra and the amplitude spectrum of the real signal from one pre-buried receiver can be computed. The velocity with maximum cross-correlation coefficients is chosen as a final velocity estimation of HST. Finally, one synthetic data example and some real data examples illustrate our method’s effectiveness. Furthermore, the proposed method has the potential to be further extended to estimate running velocity of moving objects with the fixed structure in other road traffic.

Comparative Analysis of Time-Frequency Characteristics of Seismic Signal Induced by High-Speed Train

BAO Qianzong, XU Jie, XU Mingrui

2019, 55(5):  805-812.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.076

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The time-frequency spectrum analysis of high-speed train (HST) seismic signals measured in Baoding, Hebei Province and Shenzhen, Guangdong Province is carried out by using synchrosqueezing wavelet transform. It is found that the seismic signals generated by HST passing through viaducts are more abundant in low-frequency information than those generated by running through tunnels and on the surface. Through the time-frequency spectrum characteristics of the HST seismic signal, the state of change of the runing speed of HST can be determined.

Theoretical analysis on the Characteristics of Seismic Wave Field Produced by High-Speed Train

WEN Jingchong, NING Jieyuan, ZHANG Xianbing

2019, 55(5):  813-822.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.074

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In order to invert shallow or deep underground structure by using high-speed train source, the far-field wave field excited by high-speed train is simulated by wave front superposition, solving acoustic wave field and elastic wave field in semi-infinite space. During the calculation, a pier of high-speed rail is regarded as a point source. The results of wave field calculated by convolution of different types of source time function and Green’s function show that the wave field corresponding to the low frequency source time function of pier static response considering the influence of high-speed train deadweight is similar to the actual record.

Inversion of Effective Source Time Function of the High-Speed-Rail Wavefield

WEN Jingchong, NING Jieyuan

2019, 55(5):  823-828.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.075

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Based on the assumption that there is only time delay difference in the source time function of each pier when the piers are uniformly distributed and the high-speed train moves at a uniform speed, we calculate Green’s function by constructing uniform spatial acoustic wave model and semi-infinite spatial elastic wave model, respectively, and give the linear equations used for inversion. Then the least square method is used to invert the effective source time function of the high-speed rail. For checking availability of the inversion method, the effect of inversion at a certain noise level is tested, and the influence of various factors on the inversion results is discussed.

Spectral Characteristics of High-Speed Rail Seismic Signal under Viaduct

JIANG Yiran, BAO Tiezhao, NING Jieyuan, ZHANG Xianbing

2019, 55(5):  829-838.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.072

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Employing a total of 10461 seismic records induced by 951 high-speed trains recorded by 11 shortperiod stations of a temporary array deployed by Peking University under the high-speed railway viaduct, we observe how the spectral characteristics vary with the speed and model of the train as well as the rail and groundsill by using a clustering algorithm K-Means. For a high-speed train in uniform motion, the spectrum of the produced seismic wave is mainly composed of nearly equally spaced peaks and its fundamental frequency is equal to the ratio of the train speed to the carriage length. By aligning the fundamental frequency, the influence of the train speed is reduced to make the spectrum pattern time-independent and easy for comparison. Clustering results show that the spectra of the high-speed rail seismic events have stable patterns when the train model, rail and groundsill conditions keep the same; the stable spectrum patterns change significantly with the change of the train model, rail and groundsill conditions. The monitoring of the stable spectral characteristics might possibly be used in safety control of high-speed rail.

Extraction of Characteristics of Wavefield under Viaduct Produced by High-Speed Rail

BAO Tiezhao, NING Jieyuan, ZHANG Xianbing

2019, 55(5):  839-849.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.073

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The seismic signal propagating along the viaduct of a high-speed rail when the train is approaching or departing is extracted by cross-correlation method. Stable average cross-correlation function can be obtained by stacking the cross-correlation functions of different trains. The average cross-correlation function can be used as the characteristic quantity of the wavefield produced by high-speed rail. This quantity has potential to monitor the structural changes of the high-speed rail viaduct.

4D Ground Frequency Map: Concept and Application

JIANG Yiran, LIANG Xuan, NING Jieyuan, BAO Tiezhao, ZHANG Xianbing

2019, 55(5):  850-858.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.077

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Based on the data from the array deployed by Peking University around high-speed rail in Baoding City, Hebei Province, China, in order to obtain spectra with higher signal to noise ratio at farther stations, the paper considers the variation of train type and stacks the spectra of three components of high-speed rail seismic signal produced by the same type trains on the same station. Using the clustering algorithm, the regular pattern of how the three component spectra vary with the train type and station position is obtained. Based on the characteristics of high-speed rail seismic spectra and their variation, we propose the concept of 4D ground-frequency map, and discuss its practicability in monitoring the status of high-speed rail and its surrounding media.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency Auxiliary Diagnosis Based on Plantar Pressure Information during Walking

HUANG Hongshi, WANG Zhengfei, XU Guoxiong, LI Wenxin, ZHANG Si, ZHANG Dongxia, AO Yingfang

2019, 55(5):  859-864.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.039

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To study the identification of dynamic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency based on plantar pressure information, using convolutional neural network, raw plantar pressure data during walking were converted into images to establish the connection between plantar pressure and anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Given plenty of input images and classification results, convolutional neural network could update its parameters for iterations to fit the connection. Plantar pressure data collected by acquisition system (FootScan^®) were divided into two parts, training set and test set. The training set was used for training the deep learning model tune the parameters, which helped the model analyze the data better, while the test set was used to generate diagnosis, compare the results to the ground-truth to evaluate the model’s accuracy, and judge its performance as an auxiliary tool for clinical diagnosis. The results show that trained deep learning model can correctly diagnose over 90% cases in the test set, and only takes about 3 seconds to make a diagnosis. The proposed dynamic plantar pressure information based deep learning model can provide auxiliary diagnosis in very short time, which provides references for the auxiliary diagnosis and rehabilitation in clinical medicine.

Research on Transformer Oil Aging by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Relaxation Time

LI Xiaonan, LIU Guoqiang, ZHANG Laifu, WANG Zhipeng, DING Guangxin, ZHAO Shilong, XIA Hui

2019, 55(5):  865-870.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.068

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According to the limitations of conventional thermal aging detection of transformer oil insulation (not accurate or complicated process), a low field nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation time spectrum detection method is proposed. Based on the principle that hydrocarbon compounds in oil are cracked in high-pressure discharge environment and the molecular structure of hydrogen-containing molecules is changed, a transverse NMR relaxation spectrum detection system for thermal aging of transformer oil is designed. An algorithm for obtaining relaxation time spectrum based on inversion is described by using the peak point of time domain signal of oil samples collected by spin echo sequence. With the oil samples from the 110 kV power station in Changzhi City, the aging factor was detected by the nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation spectroscopy. The oil samples were used for 1, 10 and 20 year, individually. The results show that, in a 17.173 MHz condition, the relaxation time is 203.83, 145.82 and 141.95 ms, respectively. The detection time is controlled within 1 minute. The decreasing trend of relaxation time indicates that the high temperature causes the breaking of molecular chemical bonds and the precipitation of small hydrocarbon gases.

Study on Strong and Weak Coupling for Surface Plasmon Resonance in Both Frequency and Time Domain

SONG Hanfa, HU Xiaoyong

2019, 55(5):  871-877.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.026

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A study is proposed creatively on the strong and weak coupling properties of plasmon coupling systems in both frequency domain and time domain. Theoretically, calculations on the eigen-frequencies, decay rates and the evolutions of bright and dark mode with respect to the strength of coupling under a certain system are performed. Numerically, in the frequency domain calculations on the features of hybridized modes and scattering spectrum and also the splitting phenomenon of bright and dark modes are performed. In the time domain, the periodicity of the beat pattern from the hybridized modes with a difference in frequency is utilized to determine the precise eigen-frequencies of the hybridized modes. From the time domain calculations, the precise eigenfrequencies are close but do not absolutely correspond to the two peaks of the scattering spectrum. By sweeping the coupling distance and measuring the mode evolution, the area where the exceptional point exists is found and specified by fitting to the frequency domain response. In the weak coupling domain, time domain calculations show as expected that both the bright mode and dark mode decay with their individual decay rates.

Study of the Influence of Wind Field Uncertainty in Atmospheric Diffusion Emergency Forecast

ZHENG Yufan, CAI Xuhui, KANG Ling, ZHANG Hongsheng, SONG Yu

2019, 55(5):  878-886.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.058

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This paper studies deviations and uncertainties of atmospheric diffusion caused by wind field forecasting, in conditions of emergency release. WRF and CALMET were used to create a 40 km fine-mesh meteorological forecast field and a diagnostic field with local data. In the simulation, we traced the emissions in January, April, July and October which are representative of four seasons and the emissions in four typical situations. The analysis shows that the forecasts are consistent with the diagnosis in 80% of the year and the change of seasons does not affect significantly, while the rest 20% is shared by different plume shape and significant deviations, each accounting for about 10%. Downwind concentration varies with emission height and downwind distance. The maximum deviation occurs when the height is 20?100 m and the distance is 2?4 km, while the result is highly uncertain when the height is 100 m and the distance is shorter than 2 km. The significant deviations occur in two situations. In the first, the time of the important transition of the local wind field predicted by the meteorological field is inconsistent, so that the forecast wind field and the actual wind field are in an asynchronous state before and after the transition, which causes a major deviation in the pollution diffusion forecast results. In the second, WRF, which systematically overestimates the wind speed (at 50% approximately), leads to systematically lower forecasted concentration.

Estimation of Climate Comfort in Eastern China in the Context of Climate Change

JIN Anqi, ZHANG Ang, ZHAO Xinyi

2019, 55(5):  887-898.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.057

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691 sites with complete statistics in eastern China are selected, of which the hot days, cold days and comfortable days of each year from 1971 to 2010 are added up. The Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) is calculated to evaluate the changes in climate comfort of the monsoon region in eastern China for recent 40 years. The trend of climate comfort change at the end of the 21st century is predicted through the comparison and analysis of the future scenario meteorological data. The results show that between 1971 and 2010, the monsoon region in eastern China is warming to some extent. The climate sensitivity of northeast and south China is higher than that of other regions. The climate sensitivity of coastal area is higher than that of inland, and the northeast region has a higher response to the climate change.

Meteorological Characteristics of Prolong Low-Visibility Events in Haikou during February 2018

YAN Yan, MIAO Yucong, LI Jian, GUO Jianping

2019, 55(5):  899-906.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.056

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To understand the meteorological characteristics associated with the prolong low-visibility events occurring in Haikou and Qiongzhou Strait during February 2018, we systematically analyzed the visibility data, surface meteorological observations, sounding data and reanalysis data. It’s found that the low-visibility events in winter in Haikou typically occurred under relatively warmer and moister conditions. In winter, the visibility of Haikou was significantly anti-correlated with relative humidity, temperature and thermal stability, and was significantly correlated with wind speed and boundary layer height. No significant correlation was found between visibility and PM_2.5 concentration. At the 925 hPa level, when Haikou was located to the south of high-pressure system, good visibility could be observed associated with the northeasterly winds; in contrast, when Haikou was controlled by the southeasterly winds, the warm and moisture air mass could be brought to Haikou, favoring the occurrence of low-visibility events.

Section and Rate-controlled Mercury Injection and Its Differential Mechanisms: An Example of Chang-2 Reservoir of Yanchang Formation in a Block of Ordos Basin

PANG Shan, MEI Qiliang, ZHANG Hongjun, WANG He, SUN Tong, GUAN Ping, SHI Yongmin

2019, 55(5):  907-914.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.055

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Chang-2 member of Yanchang Formation in a block of Ordos Basin is taken as the research object, combined with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and image processing technology, to observe and process thin section photos and to test rate-controlled mercury injection respectively, by which the pore size distribution and their differential mechanisms is represented via using statistics method. Compared with the pore size distribution obtained by rate-controlled mercury injection and by thin section after the threshold value divided and binaryzation process, the two methods are consistent in reflecting the main pore size, and the pore size distribution obtained by thin section has the advantage of continuity.

Mineralogical Characteristics of Natural Semiconducting Minerals in Danxia Red Layers of Lang Mountain, Xinning, Hunan Province, China

XIAO Yuxiong, LI Yanzhang, DING Hongrui, LI Yan, LU Anhuai

2019, 55(5):  915-924.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.065

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After fieldwork, metallic minerals in the samples collected from the red layers of Danxia located in Lang mountain, Xinning, Hunan province, were characterized by complementary methods, including Polarizing Optical Microscope (POM), Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA), micro-area X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectra (μ-Raman), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), either by in situ analysis or powder analysis. The dominant natural semiconducting minerals from the red layers of Danxia were hematite and anatase. In addition, the contents of iron and titanium in the red layers were 2.8 times and 2.4 times higher than that of the non-red layers, respectively. Mineralogical investigation revealed that the majority of Fe/Ti oxides were presented like cementating coarse silicate minerals (feldspar, quartz and biotite), suggesting these Fe/Ti oxides were formed exogenically after weathering and eluviation of Fe and Ti-bearing silicate minerals (ilmenite and biotite). Semiconducting properties exhibited by exogenic hematite and anatase in the red layers of Danxia can provide fundamental information to further study the photocatalytic properties and environmental effects of the Danxia red layers, and to understand the interrelationship between the Cretaceous oceanic red bed and continental red bed on the Earth’s surface.

Urban Ecological Risk Analysis Based on Anthropogenic Nitrogen Inputs in Shenzhen (2000–2014)

SU Yu, CHANG Hsiaofei, XIE Miaomiao, WANG Yanglin, SONG Zhiqing

2019, 55(5):  925-933.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.062

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This study proposed a framework involving the amount and change trend of anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to analyze the ecological risk of human activities. Shenzhen, the typical rapid urbanized city of China, has been chosen as the case study. Within the context of urban social and economic development, and using official statistical data, therefore resident living, agricultural and industrial production were evaluated. The land use classification and human activities had been corresponded and merged, and the temporal and spatial differences of anthropogenic nitrogen inputs in Shenzhen were obtained. The results indicate that the anthropogenic nitrogen input in Shenzhen showed a trend of first increase and then decrease. As the process of urbanization in Shenzhen stabilized, the nitrogen input from resident living decreased. From 2000 to 2014, the dominated factors of the ecological risk in Shenzhen has changed, and the influence of transportation has been increasing and needs to be paid attention. In terms of spatial distribution, the regions with relatively high ecological risks are distributed in Nanshan District, Futian District and Luohu District. In order to reduce the influence of human activities, it is suggested that industrial upgrading and green travel should be optimized at present.

Dynamic Variation Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Evaporation Intensity of Permeable Pavement

ZHANG Jingyi, QIN Huapeng, ZHAI Yanyun

2019, 55(5):  934-940.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.060

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A typical evaporation simulation platform for permeable concrete pavement is designed and built. The variation process of moisture content, evaporation, moisture absorption, surface temperature and the weather conditions in Shenzhen city are continuously monitored and recorded under the natural environment conditions, which are carried out to analyze the variations in the evaporation intensity of the pavement, and to explore the main influencing factors. The results show that, in the rainy season, the rainfall can significantly increase the evaporation intensity of permeable concrete pavement, but its influence is limited, and this enhancement effect will gradually weaken to a lower level in eight hours. With the variation of time and rainfall conditions, the influence degree of many factors is different in different periods. During the daytime, the evaporation intensity of permeable concrete pavement is positively correlated with the solar radiation and moisture content. During the nighttime, the evaporation intensity is close to zero when there is no rain in the early stage, which is only correlated with the change of wind speed. While after the rainfall, the higher air temperature, greater wind speed, higher moisture content and surface temperature of the pavement will increase the evaporation intensity, however the increase of the relative humidity will lead to the decrease of the evaporation. In the dry season, permeable concrete pavement, as a porous medium, can increase moisture content and promote evaporation intensity by the moisture absorption on the surface of the pavement, which is an important factor affecting the dynamic variations of the evaporation intensity.

Impacts of Environmental Regulation on Water Pollution Enterprises in China: An Empirical Study Based on “Two Control Zones” Policy

TIAN Xin, CHEN Shuai, XU Jintao

2019, 55(5):  941-950.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.070

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Based on the data of the Annual Census of Enterprises and social-economic data of counties, this article constructs a panel-DID model to investigate the impact of “Two Control Zones” policy on enterprises that discharge water pollution in China. It is found that the “Two Control Zones” policy has a significant impact on water pollution enterprises, resulting in a significant decline in the growth rates of output, newly-built enterprises and the number of existing enterprises in all counties. Moreover, the impact of the “Two Control Zones” policy on enterprises that discharge water pollution is continuous. In the face of the impact of the “Two Control Zones” policy, enterprises that discharge water pollution located in economically developed areas are more affected. When analyzing the initial factors affecting the effect of the policy, it is found that the effect of the “Two Control Zones” policy is more prominent in areas with high education level, high population density, high average wage and large proportion of the secondary industry. Based on the above conclusions, this article holds that the policy of “Two Control Zones” has restrained the aggravation of pollution, and its economic cost is reflected in increasing the burden of water pollution enterprises and slowing down the growth rate of output. However, the magnitude of the increase in social welfare brought about by the reduction of pollution and the slowdown in the growth of enterprise output need to be further assessed.

Changes of Spatial Variations in Ecosystem Service Value in China

CHEN Juncheng, LI Tianhong

2019, 55(5):  951-960.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.063

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Based on land use and land cover data, with the valuation systems developed by Xie, the ecosystem service values (ESV) of China (except Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Province) in 2000, 2010 and 2015 were analyzed, and their spatial and temporal distributions and variations were analyzed. The results show that ESV in China grew from 15917.1 billion yuan per year in 2000 to 16180.2 billion yuan per year in 2015. The ecosystem service value in China showed high level in the eastern provinces and low level in the western provinces. The spatial variations of ESV per capita were greater than those of ESV per unit area, but both of them decreased from 2000 to 2015, which were dominated by variations among regions. Provinces with increasing ESV concentrated in the west and the north of the country, while provinces with decreasing ESV concentrated in the east and the south.

Adsorption of Phenol by Oxidized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

HAI Hao, WANG Ke, MA Yibo, ZHANG Jing, XIA Jianxin, XING Xuan, WANG Ting

2019, 55(5):  961-967.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.061

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Organic compounds pollution, especially phenolic compounds, has been a serious problem recently. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were oxidized by mixed acid oxidation method to remove phenolic compounds by adsorption. Five typical phenolic compounds including phenol, p-cresol, p-methoxyphenol, phydroxybenzaldehyde and p-nitrophenol were selected and to be adsorbed on MWCNTs and MWCNTs-O, respectively. Results showed that compared with the unmodified MWCNTs, the adsorption capacity of five phenolic compounds on MWCNTs-O increased significantly. The adsorption amount of five phenols on MWCNTs-O was different and the order was p-nitrophenol >p-methoxyphenol > p-hydroxybenzaldehyde > p-cresol > phenol. Adsorption isotherm data for the five phenols fitted Langmuir model well, which proved that phenolic compounds on MWCNTs was monolayer chemisorption. Surface functional groups analyzation of MWCNTs-O indicated that acidic oxygen-containing functional groups increased. TEM and Raman spectroscopy showed the winding degree of MWCNTs decreased, and overall dispersion and the degree of graphitization increased. π-π conjugation between vertical π electrons on MWCNTs-O and π electrons of phenolic compounds was formed and the electronic energy (EE) could be used as indicator for phenols adsorption on MWCNTs-O.

Can Social Media Improve Users’ Social Self-Efficacy?

HOU Yubo, GE Xiaoyu

2019, 55(5):  968-976.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.064

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This study investigated the effect of online social support on individual social self-efficacy and the underlying mechanism of social media use motivation with samples of college students using “Sina Weibo”, China’s equivalent of Twitter. Through the survey of 204 college students, a significantly positive correlation was found between online social support, social media use motivation and social self-efficacy. The “social support – social media use motivation – social self-efficacy” path varied according to different social support types: when social support was viewed as a whole, Weibo use moderated between social support and social self-efficacy — the impact of online social support on self-efficacy was not significant at a low Weibo use frequency while online social support would significantly prompt social self-efficacy at a high Weibo use frequency; when it came to the sense of belonging in social support, Weibo use served as a complete mediator between online social support and social self-efficacy — the sense of belonging promoted college students to use Weibo more, and ultimately improved their social self-efficacy. The findings are of theoretical and practical significance for understanding why people like to use social media and how the internet affects human psychology and behavior.

Cognitive Appraisal and Meaning in Life in Recalling of Past Events: The Emotion as a Mediator

PANG Zhuoyue, ZHUANG Shujie, WANG Yuqian, GAN Yiqun

2019, 55(5):  977-986.  DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2019.069

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship among cognitive appraisal, emotion and meaning in life when individuals recall past events. Before and after 171 college students’ writing on the same thing about the national college entrance examination, this study set a structural equation model to explore the mediation effect of emotion between cognitive appraisal and meaning in life. After the effect of gender, year, pretest of emotion and meaning in life were controlled, results indicated that positive appraisal and negative appraisal could predict meaning in life through positive emotion instead of negative emotion.