Table of Content

20 January 2011, Volume 47 Issue 1

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Standard-Cell-Based Temperature Sensor with Calibrated Supply Noise Tolerance

TIE Meng,CHENG Xu

2011, 47(1):  17-22. 

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A standard cell based temperature sensor with calibrated tolerance for supply shift is proposed. Traditional digital circuit temperature sensors have large error caused by supply voltage shift since they are sensitive to supply voltage. The pure standard cell attribute makes the sensor very easy to be designed with normal digital circuit design flow. After 2-voltage calibration, error caused by almost 0.1 V supply shift is reduced to 28. 5℃ compared to 90℃ of previously proposed dual-ring sensor.

Climatological Characteristics of Rapidly Intensifying Tropical Cyclone over the Coastal Waters of China and the Relationship with ENSO

ZHU Xiaojin,CHEN Lianshou

2011, 47(1):  52-58. 

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Based on the best track TC (tropical cyclone) data ( 1949-2006 ) , rapid intensification (RI) process (≥10 m/s in 12 hours) occurring over the coastal waters of China are statistically analysed to determine their geographic and decadal distribution characteristics, as well as the relationship between ENSO and these RITCs occurrence. Different intensity scale of these RITCs are examined to determine their inter-decadal distribution of their occurrence of month. The statistics reveal that ENSO and the distribution of RITC_s origin location have an important impact on the activity of these RITC_s.

A New Material Balance Model of an Abnormally Pressured Gas Reservoirs Which Contains Cubic Term of Cumulative Production and Its Calculation

ZHENG Qin,LIU Zhibin

2011, 47(1):  115-119. 

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Based on the material balance equation of abnormally pressured gas reservoirs, assuming abnormal pressured model parameter being a linear fuction of cumulative gas production, the authors propose a new material balance equation which contains cubic term of cumulative production. This method only requires the data of production and don't consider the formation and fluid compressibility. The parameters can be determined by multiple regression analysis through historical data of the production. Gas-in-place and cumulative effective compressibility could be determined by the new material balance equation. The new method is applicable and effective through the application and comparative analysis of examples.

A PCSI Feedback Rate-Reduced Adaptive SC-FDE Scheme

WANG Wujun,XU Wenlong,SHANG Yong,LIANG Qinglin

2011, 47(1):  23-28. 

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Traditional adaptive SC-FDE bears a major drawback of excessively high feedback rate. This paper tackles the problem by proposing a FR-ASC-FDE scheme which is derived from a CR-ASC-FDE model. Specifically, a normalized feedback factor criterion, which is responsible to determine the interval of PCSI feedback, is obtained, and accordingly, appropriate FR-ASC-FDE PCSI feedback patterns are designed with respect to different metropolitan environments. Simulations show that the proposed FR-ASC-FDE scheme dramatically reduces PCSI feedback rate under various fading speed of dual-selective channel environments, while still consistently keeps excellent BER performance.

A 0.0068mm² Self-calibration Circuit for Phase Locked Loop

ZHENG Jiapeng,LI Wei,YANG Yi,MA Juncheng,CHENG Yuhua,WANG Yangyuan

2011, 47(1):  29-34. 

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A phase locked loop (PLL) using a free-running self-calibration technique is reported. The proposed self-calibration operation is performed during the process of the normal PLL lock period without requiring a voltage-reference block. The new scheme benefits reducing chip area. The area interrelated to calibration circuits is only 0. 0068mm². The PLL is designed and implemented using SMIC 0.13 μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process and the measured PLL lock-in frequency range is 25-700 MHz. The phase noise of the output clock at 87. 5 MHz is - 131 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset, while the voltage-controlled-oscillator (VCO) is at 700 MHz.

Numerical Simulation of Meteorological Fields in the Campus of Peking University in Summer

ZHANG Bihui,LIU Shuhua,SANG Jianguo

2011, 47(1):  59-65. 

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In the campus of Peking University, there are Weiming Lake, other water body, and agminate green space in the north part, differing significantly on the thermodynamic properties from the south teaching and living part which consist mainly of buildings and roads. In order to study the meteorological and comfort fields in summer, numerical simulation using the city canopy model of Peking University is carried out. In September it is more cool and comfortable in the north of the campus than in the south, and the temperature difference can reach 6. 7℃ at 15: 00. The temperature of road surface is higher than other surfaces because of the zero latent heat flux. The temperature difference can reach 10. 6℃ between road and water. The air specific humidity is higher in the north. The temperature distribution leads to a divergence air flow at 15:00. Thermohygrometric index (THI) is introduced to access human comfort, according to which 50% time of a day is at the “hot”level above road while above other surfaces only 20% of a day is at this level. This work can provide the scientific basis for assessing the meteorological effect of campus environment designs.

A Basic-Block Reordering Algorithm Based on Neural Networks

ZHANG Jiyu,LIU Xianhua,LIANG Kun,CHENG Xu

2011, 47(1):  9-16. 

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The authors present a basic-block reordering method that detects typical structures in the control-flow graph. It utilizes the architecture-specific branch cost model and execution possibilities of control-flow edges to estimate the possible layout costs of specific sub-structures. The layout with the minimal cost estimation would be chosen. The authors further investigate a novel approach to apply neural network to predict execution possibility for each edge. A set of programs are chosen to record particular static information of the edges in the typical structures. The data include the knowledge about the relationship between static program features and dynamic behaviors. It is fed to train an improved back propagation neural network (RPROP). The algorithm is implemented based on a simple pipeline UniCore microprocessor. Experiment result shows that it improves programs?performance about 8% , which indicates that the execution possibility of edges may be predicted using machine learning techniques.

A Comprehensive Study of Executing ahead Mechanism for In-Order Microprocessors

WANG Xiaoyin,TONG Dong,DANG Xianglei,LU Junlin,CHENG Xu

2011, 47(1):  35-44. 

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The authors explore the design space of in-order executing ahead processors, and conduct sensitivity analysis of the executing ahead mechanism to the cache hierarchy and memory latency. It is demonstrated that reusing the pre-executed results is highly effective in improving performance and reducing energy consumption. The results also show that propagating valid data values between stores and dependent loads with a small store cache increases performance significantly. An in-order executing ahead processor with a 32-entry store cache and a 128-entry FIFO for preserving and reusing results increases performance by 24.07% over the baseline processor, with an energy overhead of 4.93%. Furthermore, it is revealed that executing ahead is necessary for hiding memory access latencies even with a very large cache hierarchy. With increasing memory latency, the performance and energy-efficiency benefits provided by executing ahead are more significant.

Studies on Power Li-Ion Secondary Battery System for EV and HEV

AN Fuqiang,Qilu,WANG Jian,ZHANG Ding,CHEN Hui,MAO Yongzhi,LIU Zhengyao

2011, 47(1):  1-8. 

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Electrochemical performances of Mn-series power batteries produced by MGL were studied, and compared with LiFePO₄ power batteries of other companies. The results indicate that the high capacity and high power batteries with spinel LiMn₂O₄ and multi metal oxides as cathode materials not only have high voltage, high energy density, good high and low temperature properties, excellent rate of charge and discharge, stable thermal performance, but also show the linear of state of charge-open-circuit voltage (SOC-OCV) relationship, and then the battery manage system (BMS) can be easily controlled. Therefore, Mn-series power batteries will be the important direction for future power batteries.

Numerical Simulation of the Air Flow Spiral Inducing in Cooling Tower

XU Shiqian,WANG Yiwei,YAN Daqiang

2011, 47(1):  45-51. 

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FLUENT was used to simulate the heat exchange in water cooling tower of the power plants to overcome the difficult of heat transfer simulation in physical experiments. The traditional cooling tower and the tower employing the“flow spiral making technique”, were studied under different environment wind velocities. The operations of the two kinds of towers were compared. The results indicate that the tower employing the“flow spiral making technique”owns more ability to resist environment wind and is more efficient than the traditional one.

Study on the Atmospheric Stability Class over Different Surface Conditions

KANG Ling,ZHANG Hongsheng,WANG Zhiyuan,CHEN Jiayi

2011, 47(1):  66-70. 

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According to observational data of meteorological tower and surface in desert, foothill, and coastal zone, methods to calculate the atmospheric stability by using P-T, ΔT, ΔT/U, ΔT/U², radiation, and wind-direction standard deviation were proposed. Results show that the topography is sensitive for ΔT/U² and wind-direction standard deviation methods, and the radiation method is suitable for various surface conditions.

Numerical Analysis and Simulation of Characteristics of Atmospheric Diffusion in Coastal Area of Zhangzhou, Fujian

KANG Ling,CAI Xuhui,WANG Zhiyuan,CHEN Jiayi,YAO Rentai

2011, 47(1):  71-78. 

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The dispersion simulations are carried out over a coastal region where Zhangzhou nuclear power station will be located. The diagnostic wind model, trajectory analysis and random walk model are used. The dispersions in this area are determined both by synoptic systems and land-sea breeze circulation. Spatial variation of wind field is not obvious, which leads to the straight dispersion plume. Temporal variation of wind field, particularly the wind direction transition caused by transient of land and sea breezes, plays an important role in atmospheric diffusion. Results from random walk simulations agree well with the in situ tracer experiment data, though quite large scatter still exists in some cases due to the effects by complex terrain and coastal meteorological condition.

Ground Clutter Suppression of Wind Profiler Radar

ZHANG Wenwen,LIU Liping,RUAN Zheng,GE Runsheng

2011, 47(1):  79-84. 

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Aimed at the problems that the traditional echo simulation methods cannot well simulate the distribution of Gaussian white noise, and is not conducive to react the real echo signal as well, the authors improve the echo signal simulation method, and propose a method to removing ground clutter from wind profiler radar based on static wavelet transforms (SWT). The new methods can be applied to lower signal to clutter ratio (SCR) whose calculation amount is little more than traditional method based on discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) . The simulation results show the validity of the algorithm.

Activity of Baigezhuang Fault of Nanpu Depression and Its Controlling on Sedimentation

SHI Guanzhong,WANG Hua,XU Bei,JIANG Hua

2011, 47(1):  85-90. 

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According to the analysis of paleo-subsiding rate recovered by back-stripping method, the activity rate of Baigezhuang fault of Nanpu depression was quantitatively calculated by fault activity rate method. It shows some active characteristics that the fault experienced a “low-high-low”evolutionary trend during the evolution of the Nanpu depression, and a seesaw-like active characteristic between the northern part and the southern part within Baigezhuang fault. The active intensity of the fault definitely varied not only in different evolutional periods of Nanpu depression but in different parts respectively. All this active characteristics have great impact on sediment dispersal and distribution, as well as the location of the subsiding center.

Study on System Architecture of Subdivision Storage Cluster for Global Spatial Data

CHENG Chengqi,LV Xuefeng,GUAN Li

2011, 47(1):  103-108. 

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In order to solve the unified reference and multi-scale problems and orderly store and manage massive spatial data, a new storage and management architecture based on global subdivision theory is presented by taking deficiencies of organization and storage methods for global spatial data. The system architecture is integrated with the framework of global subdivision grid (GSG) , the computer cluster theory, and the space-temporal integration technology. The main characteristics of this storage technology are the storage based on space and each storage node has an accordingly geospatial meaning. The concepts of global subdivision storage cluster, general design ideal and key design of the system architecture are described. The study on cluster storage theory based on the framework of global subdivision will make a solid theoretical foundation for global spatial data storage systems.

Emplaced and Metallogenetic Times of Tongchang Diorities, Southern Shaanxi Province and Its Geological Implications

WANG Wei,LIU Shuwen,WU Fenghui,LI Qiugen,WANG Zongqi,YANG Kai,YAN Quanren,WANG Ruiting,YANG Pengtao

2011, 47(1):  91-102. 

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Tongchang dioritic pluton in Southern Shaanxi Province is located in the tectonic domain of the Mianxian-Lueyang-Yangpingguan triangle block, northern margin of Yangzi Craton, and consists mainly of diorite, quartzdiorite and granodiorite. Zircon grains separated from these rocks are dated using LA-ICPMS and SHRIMP U-Pb isotopic methods. The dating results indicate three intrusive stages of the Tongchang dioritic pluton, and early diorite emplaced at 879±7 Ma; middle quartz diorite at 848±5 Ma to 840 ±7 Ma, with copper ore-bearing albitite emplced at 834±7 Ma, which is consistent with the crystallization age of quartz diorite within error range, and the last granodiorite at 824±5 Ma. These zircon U-Pb isotopic dating results reveal that the emplacements of the Tongchang diorites and related copper deposit did not occur in Paleozoic but in Jinning stage of Neoproterozoic era. The magmatic activity and related copper deposit mineralization are important responses to the breakup event of global Rodinia supercontinent( 860-750 Ma).

Land Cover Classification of Hyperspectral Data Using Composite Kernel Support Vector Machines

SHANG Kun,LI Peijun,CHENG Tao

2011, 47(1):  109-114. 

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Land cover classification using recently developed composite kernel support vector machines (SVM) and hyperspectral data is proposed. The hyperspectral data are first subdivided into different subsets. SVM method is then used to select optimal parameters for classification of each subset. Finally, different subsets are combined by a composite kernel function, and the best one selected from different parameter combinations is used in final land cover classification using composite kernel SVM. The HYDICE data of Washington DC is used to evaluate and validate the proposed method. The results show that land cover classification of hyperspectral data using composite kernel SVM can obtain higher classification accuracy than the traditional SVM method.

A Novel Method for Characterizing Acid-Base Properties of Atmospheric Particulate Matter

SUN Qian,HUO Mingqun,XIE Peng,LI Jinlong,BAI Yuhua,LIU Zhaorong,WANG Xuesong

2011, 47(1):  141-148. 

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Six representative acid-base components are proposed to quantitatively characterize acid-base properties of particulate matter. Micro-titration and determination of water-soluble ion concentrations are applied to water-soluble particulate matter extract, then the acid-base balance principle and the principle of charge conservation are adopted to calculate the concentrations of representative components. Polynomial regression is conducted to analyze the relationship between the amounts of hydrogen ions neutralized by particulate matter of unit mass and the initial pH values of absorption solutions, and a series of empirical equations are obtained, which are applicable to estimate the change in pH derived by the particles absorbed by the precipitation with lower ion concentrations.

Review on Model of Cooperation Evolution

HUANG Huang

2011, 47(1):  185-192. 

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This article reviews current research on cooperation evolutionary model. Based on Prisoner’s Dilemma Game model, cooperation evolutionary model, offering individuals mechanisms of strategy optimizing unrelated with themselves, focuses on how cooperation can emerge from society. Evolutionary model based on theory of direct or indirect reciprocity proves reputation facilitate reciprocity cooperation in small scale society; reciprocity can be regarded as rewards to those cooperators that will dominate in society with open social network; punishment to those non-cooperators is good to n-person cooperation and a more stable equilibrium will emerge when non-cooperators are punishers under some conditions, comparing to when cooperators are; group competition facilitates the spread of cooperation culture or institution, but cannot explain cooperation when these groups merge.

Evaluation of Agricultural Land Intensive Use Based on the Modification of Agro-climatic Factors

YAN Qun,MENG Jijun

2011, 47(1):  120-126. 

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To reflect the situation and potential of agricultural land intensive use more definitely, the concept of agricultural land intensive use is redefined and the coefficient of agricultural land intensive use is raised. On the basis of the aforementioned definition, the two indices, relative multi-cropping index and relative grain yield per square kilometer (unit: kg/ hm²) are applied to take place of the previous ones, multi-cropping index and grain yield per square kilometer respectively. In addition, entropy method is used to fix the weight of each index. Via comparison of the conclusions with that of other studies concerned, the results are verified and the coefficient of agricultural land intensive use is justified, which means the method builds a theoretical basis for the evaluation of the status and potential of agricultural land intensive use to take actions that suit local circumstances. An evaluation system is developed on the basis of the programming language, VB + MO, and some modules of ArcGIS, which can act as an useful platform for the assessment of agricultural land intensive use.

Spatial Distribution and Mass Inventory of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Surface Soil of Shenzhen, China

QIN Peiheng,NI Honggang,LIU Yangsheng,ZENG Hui

2011, 47(1):  127-132. 

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In order to investigate the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) contamination in typical urban area, a total of 110 surface soil samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory to explore the spatial distribution and mass inventory in surface soil of Shenzhen, China. The results show that, the concentrations of 6 12 PBDEs and BDE209 in soils ranged from 1. 1 to 85. 8 ng/ g ( dw) and from 1.2 to 1931 ng/g (dw), respectively. The mean concentrations of 6 13 PBDEs in soils of different land-use types decreased in the following sequence: industrial area > residential area > commercial area > urban park > country park, and the wide spread usage of deca-BDE in Shenzhen manufacturing industry resulted in the high soil contamination in industrial area. Soil PBDEs contaminations in Nanshan District and Baoan District (in the west of Shenzhen) , were more serious than that in Longgang District and Yantian District ( in the southeast of Shenzhen). Additionally, the 6 13 PBDEs levels in soils had a significant exponent relationship with the build-up area percentage in different districts (r = 0. 98, p < 0. 01) , suggesting that the urbanization level was the key factor influencing the soil contamination. The mass inventories of 6 12 PBDEs and BDE209 in soils of Shenzhen were estimated at 1. 51 tons and 15. 9 tons, respectively, based on the variety of PBDEs concentration levels in different land use areas.

Livelihoods of Farming and Grazing Households and Land Use in Farming-Pastoral Transitional Zone: A Case Study of Uxin Banner in Ordos, Inner-Mongolia

ZHU Likai,MENG Jijun,LIU Yang,ZHOU Ping

2011, 47(1):  133-140. 

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Based on the methods of questionnaire survey, semi-structured interview and mathematical statistics, 153 farming and grazing households in Uxin Banner, situated in Ordos city, Inner-Mongolia, were inquired systematically, and then livelihood strategies, land use pattern of these households were explored. The results are presented as follows. 1)Differences in livelihood strategies exist among distinctive types of households, and therefore income, the degree of living satisfaction, living pressures confronted and improving approaches vary accordingly. The households, engaging in just farming, encounter higher vulnerability and risk due to relatively simple livelihood strategies. Introduction and expansion of non-agricultural activities, and promoting livelihood diversity is a significant approach to reduce livelihood risk for these households. In contrast, households, living on both farming and grazing, confront lower risk as a result of higher and stable income. However, eco-environment is more vulnerable to their production activities. Therefore, developing economic-efficiently and environmental-friendly agro-pastoral industry is the key to address livelihood issues of these households and to protect eco-environment. Furthermore, transferring rural people in grazing regions scientifically, reasonably and effectively is indispensible to mitigate pressure on pasture and to develop modern agro-pastoral industry. 2) Fastening links exist between livelihood and land use types and intensity. Due to the inclination of labor force allocation to non-agricultural industries and the decrease in economic productivity of cropland, the households, engaging in just farming, invest less labors and capital, and so the land-use intensity become lower. In the pastoral area, the cultivated land derives from the reclamation of marginal land, and land users often adjust their investments according to the variations of net profits. When cropland falls into marginalization, grazing households will cease to cultivate. In addition, unreasonable grazing activities give rise to land degradation.

PAHs Pollution and Spatial Distribution in Agricultural Soils of Dongguan

MA Jin,QIU Xinghua,ZHOU Yongzhang,ZHU Tong

2011, 47(1):  149-158. 

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Investigation on PAHs in agricultural soils in Dongguan, South China were conducted. A total of 59 agricultural soil samples were collected from sites representative of the region for analysis of contents of 16 PAHs. Results show that 13 PAHs were detected with detectable ratios above 90% , Fle, Phe, Chr and Bbf were detected in all 59 samples, the detectable ratio of Ant was the lowest ( 13.56% ) . ∑PAHs in soil samples is ranged from29 to 2184 μg/ kg, and 44.07%, 8.47% and 3. 39% soilsamples were slightly, moderately and heavily polluted by PAHs, respectively. Compared with other regions, Dongguan city is higher in soil PAHs contents, which can be confirmed that the increase of PAHs in agricultural soils is connected with human activities closely. Principal component analysis demonstrate that the above-said 16 PAHs in agricultural soils may have three major contributors, corresponding to biomass burning, volatilization of oil production, and coal burning respectively. It is found that environmental factors (temperature, humidity), soil characters ( pH, organic materials) and other pollutants( heavy metals) can affect environmental behaviors of PAHs. By means of ordinary Kriging interpolation, spatial distribution of 16 PAHs were studied. The results indicate that 16 PAHs vary greatly in spatial distribution between types, PAHs contents in west-north soils are much higher than that in south-east soils, and the highest PAHs contents area is in Wangniudun town, which hint that there are some pollutant sources connected with poisonous wastes combustion.

Comparison of Measurement Results of Several Online Carbonaceous Aerosol Monitoring Techniques

LAN Zijuan,HUANG Xiaofeng,HE Lingyan,HU Min,XUE Lian,SUN Tianle,HU Weiwei,LIN Yun,ZHANG Yuanhang

2011, 47(1):  159-165. 

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A couple of carbonaceous aerosol online monitoring instruments, which are popularly used in the world, were compared by real atmospheric measurement, in order to provide some useful information on their characteristics to scientists in the field. Elemental carbon (EC) and organic matter (OM) in atmospheric fine particles in Shenzhen were monitored simultaneously by 4 different online instruments from October 31 to November 8, 2009, and the comparison among the results indicated that the EC concentrations measured using an aethalometer and an single particle soot photometer (SP2) agreed with each other quite well, with R² = 0. 97 and slope = 1. 00; the EC concentrations measured using an online EC/OC analyzer also correlated well ( R²> 0. 95) with those by the aethalometer and SP2, but presented 30% - 40% lower concentration levels; the organic carbon (OC) concentrations measured using the online EC/ OC analyzer correlated well (R²= 0. 83) with the OM concentrations measured using an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS), but deviated from the OM time-series trends relatively more when the OM were at high concentration levels. Possible reasons for the differences among the measurement results are discussed.

Moderating Effects of Social Support among Work Stress Process: A New Perspective from Challenge-Hindrance Stressor Differentiation

GUAN Jumei,WANG Bei,LU Changqin

2011, 47(1):  166-174. 

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Taking challenge-hindrance stressor differentiation perspective, the present study aimed to explore the reasons for the mixed evidences about the moderating effects of social support among work stress process. A self-administered questionnaire survey method was used to collect data from 309 air dispatchers. A series of hierarchical regression analyses were conducted for data analyses. The results show that perceived organizational support strengthens the relationship between challenge stressors and job satisfaction, and turnover intention, but does not have any moderating effects for hindrance stressors. Specifically, when dealing with challenge stressors, individuals who perceives high levels of organizational support reports high job satisfaction, and low turnover intention; perceived supervisor support buffers the relationship between hindrance stressors and job satisfaction, and turnover intention, but does not have any moderating effects for challenge stressors. That is, individuals who perceives higher levels of supervisor support would react less negatively to hindrance stressors than those with lower levels of perceived supervisor supports. The present study provids evidences to explain why the moderating effects of social support are mixed, which would shed light on the role of social support among work stress process.

Mental Representation of Food Safety Incidents: An Exploration

XIONG Ji,LIU Yibo,XIE Xiaofei

2011, 47(1):  175-184. 

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The authors explored the mental representations of food safety incidents. This study conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis by collecting data (598) through internet. The results indicate that the public's mental representations of food safety incidents can be divided into cognitive and affective representations, four cognitive representation dimensions (industry trust, risk estimation, negative impact, and responsibility attribution) and one emotional representation dimension (negative emotion) is found to constitute the public?s mental representation structure. Current findings are discussed in relation to previous results, theoretical approaches, and practical implications.