Table of Content

20 November 2005, Volume 41 Issue 6

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History of Plant Collection of Professor Zhong Guanguang (Tsong Kuan-kuang) - And Establishment of the First Herbarium in China

ZHU Zongyuan,LIANG Cunzhu

2005, 41(6):  825-832. 

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Based on the literature, records of collected plant and interviews with old botanists, the collecting activity of Prof. Zhong Guanguang (Tsong Kuan-kuang) was investigated. He collected about 25000 plant specimens during 1905 and 1936. In memory of him, two genera, Tsoongiodendron and Tsoongia, as well as about 50 species and infraspecific taxa were named after his name. Prof. Zhong was the first botanist to collect plant specimens in a modern plant taxonomical way, and established the first herbarium (herbarium of Peking University) and modern botanic garden (Jianqiao garden) in China.

Values of Geological Heritage from the Viewpoint of World Heritage

ZHANG Chengyu

2005, 41(6):  898-905. 

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From the viewpoint of natural heritage's geological and aesthetic value in the World Heritage List, the geological heritage's outstanding values in paleontology, tectonics, geomorphology and aesthetics are expounded. Based on relative importance of geological value and aesthetic value, 4 kinds of geological heritages are classified. One point is strengthened that the research on the geological heritage's value can promote the application for the world heritage, but should not be ceased in application. Depending on the geological value research, more emphasis should be taken on the geological heritage's practical functions of scientific research, science-popularization, tourism, aestheticism and enlightening.

cDNA Clone and Lignite Degradation Ability of Lignin Peroxidase from Penicillium decumbens P6

YANG Jinshui,YUAN Hongli,CHEN Wenxin

2005, 41(6):  833-839. 

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The present study was undertaken to investigate the degradation ability and biological activity of purification lignin peroxidase (LiP) from Penicillium decumbens P6. P6 LiP had very good degradation ability on lignite, but its activity must depend on H₂O₂ activiation. After degradation, the contents of humic acid and fulvic acid increased distinctly, especially the content of fulvic acid. Results of elemental analysis indicated that the biodegraded products had higher H, O and N levels than the original lignite, although the carbon content was distinctly lower. The experimental molecular formula for lignite and its biodegraded products were C₁₀₀H_86.5O_36.5N_2.09 and C₁₀₀H_103.9O_48.6N_11.4 separately. The products of degradation could increase the germination rate and the speed of germination of pea. Furthermore, the authors designed two special primers according to N terminal amino acid sequence and got a 1956 bp cDNA fragment. Sequence comparison demonstrated that it had 45% homology with Piloderma croceum mnp2 gene and had conservative amino acids of catalase.

Late Paleoproterozoic Geodynamic Setting in Wutai Mountains: Constraints from Geochemistry of Wangjiahui Granitoids

WANG Yueran,LIU Shuwen,LI Qiugen,DANG Qingning,LIU Chaohui,YANG Bin,GU Libing,ZHAO Fengsan

2005, 41(6):  840-850. 

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The Paleoproterozoic Wangjiahui granitoid intrusion, west segment of Wutai mountains, consists mainly of quartz monzodiorite, granodiorite, monzogranite and adamellite. Petrochemical analysis of these rocks indicates that they are of metaluminous calc-alkaline feature (A/CNK<1.1). These rocks are characterized by the negative anomalies of Nb, Ta, Sr, P and Ti, and LILEs-enriched in primitive mantle normalized trace-element patterns. Especially, they display obviously high K₂O and negative Sr and Eu anomalies, which are significantly different from the island arc granitoids. Combined with their ε_Nd(2.1Ga) range of -3.82 to -2.80 and T_DM = 2.6 ~ 2.7Ga, these granitoids are most likely to be derived from the partial melting of hybrids both ~ 2.6Ga metavolcanic materials in Archean Wutaishan magmatic arc and older continent crustal materials under lower than 1.2GPa. Petrological and geochemical characteristics of Wangjiahui granitoid intrusion suggest that is probably fored under post-collisional tectonic background. Integrated with other late Paleoproterozoic granitoids within the Central Tectonic Zone, it indicates that there was a tectonic transitional process from extension to compression during late Paleroproterozoic in the southern segment of the Central Zone of NCC.

Experimental Study on Effects of Viscosity and Salinity of Liquid on Rock Velocity Anisotropy

LI Jinchen,SHI Ge,CHEN Siyuan

2005, 41(6):  851-858. 

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Changes of the longitudinal and transversal wave velocities in different directions and the rock velocity anisotropy as a function of confining pressure have been studied under laboratory ultrasonic frequency for shale and sandstone with marked foliation, which had been saturated by the fluids with different viscosity ( kerosene and vacuum pump oil) and salinity (distilled water, 50000μg/L and 150000μg/L NaCl liquid) respectively. The results show that (1) the longitudinal and transversal wave velocities in different directions increase with the increase of viscosity, while the parameters of rock velocity anisotropy ε, γ are contrary to this; (2) the longitudinal and transversal wave velocities in different directions increase with the increase of salinity, while changes of the parameters of rock velocity anisotropy ε, γ can be ignored within the error of the experiment.

A Technique Used in the Identification and Segmentation of Ecotourists: A Case Study of Baihuashan Nature Reserve in Beijing

LI Yanqin

2005, 41(6):  906-917. 

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Ecotourist study is one of the most important parts in ectourism research, which must be based on enough ecotourist samples. Using the foreign experience for reference, the paper proposed an integrated classification technique comprising K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and BackPropagation (BP) Networks to identify the ectourists. A questionnaire was designed to collect data through "internet" and "face to face" interviews during the National Day holiday in 2003 in Beijing Baihuashan Nature Reserve. 423 persons answered the questionnaires and 139 out of them were identified as ecotourists. The result of classification is proved to be effective by prediction validity test, content validity test, theory validity test and convergence validity test.In addition, the ecotourists were classified as hard ecotourists, frequent ecotourists and occasional ecotourists farther according to the times they traveled to nature-based destinations every year and their New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) grade which is used to evaluate the visitors' attitude to environment. Frequent ecotourists and occasional ecotourists both fall category of soft ecotourists, so the "hard-soft" classification system is founded, which will help propel ecotourist studies in China to develop towards the current international mainstream of the field. Finally, the paper clarified the concept of hard ecotourists, frequent ecotourists and experienced ecotourists ever used in others's research. Hard ecotourists and frequent ecotourists both belong to experienced ecotourists, but the hard ecotourists evidently have better environmental attitudes than the frequent ecotourists.

Mineralogical Characteristics Study of Natural Cryptomelane in the Xialei Manganese Deposit, Guangxi

ZHAO Dongjun,LU Anhuai,WANG Lijuan,ZHENG Xishen,LIU Rui,GUO Yanjun

2005, 41(6):  859-868. 

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In the supergene zones of Xialei manganese deposit in Guangxi, south China, there is abundant resource of natural cryptomelane, which is well known as a manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve having a well-defined 2*2 tunnel structure (OMS-2) with K⁺ situated in tunnel positions. This study was focused on the occurrence characteristics of the cryptomelane-bearing ores and the mineralogical characteristics of natural cryptomelane. The morphology, chemical and structure features of natural cryptomelane were characterized by means of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalyzer(EPMA), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray fluorescence(XRF). The morphology of the natural cryptomelane crystals via SEM showed short prismatic, needle-like and fibrous shapes with the diameters varying from few nanometers to hundreds nanometres. The MnO₂ content was by and large over 90% and K₂O ranged from 2.52 to 4.37wt%. However, the composition resulted from EDS revealed a higher content of K, 3.37 - 4.17wt%. The XRD of the samples agreed with a monoclinic cryptomelane and the cell parameters were given as a = 9.956nm, b = 2.870nm, c = 9.706nm and β = 90.95°. The phase transformation temperature of the natural cryptomelane was about 635.5℃ examined by TGA and DTA and the cryptomelane was changed to bixbyite at a higher temperature. These studies reveal the significant features of cryptomelane for the potential application in the environmental materials science.

Delineation of Coastal Region of South China - With MATLAB to Create Radial Basis Probabilistic Neural Network

ZHAO Jian,ZHENG Wentao,YE Hong,ZHOU Qing

2005, 41(6):  869-874. 

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The authors use MATLAB to build the neural network to do delineation of the potential seismic sources. There are many factors to be impacted on the delineation. The factors and the result are of high non-linear relationship. The authors take the Coastal Region of South China(CRSC) as study area, after the samples' checking up and then optimizing the network, simulating again. The results accord with the actual conditions. This show that the Radial Basis Probabilistic Neural Network(RBPNN) has the practicability in delineation of the potential seismic sources.

Analysis of the Crowd Degree of Building for Communities Based on High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensed Images

CHENG Chengqi,YU Xin,GUO Shide,MA Ting

2005, 41(6):  875-881. 

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The crowd degree of buildings is a very important aspect for the assessment of environmental quality of urban communities. Remote sensing imagery with high spatial resolution provides more detailed spatial information about land covers and makes it possible to assess the quality of communities in detailed scale. Four factors were proposed to assess the crowd degree of buildings based on the combination of high spatial resolution imagery and some fundamental principles including estate and geostatistics methods. Five typical communities in Xiamen City were selected to demonstrate the application of those indices. Results suggested that these indices could describe the building crowd degree from different aspects, and it provided a new approach in assessing environmental quality of community through high spatial resolution remote sensed data.

Gaming Analysis for Behaviors of the Enterprises Involving Emission Trading

CHEN Lei,ZHANG Shiqiu

2005, 41(6):  926-934. 

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Focusing on the shortcomings of emission trading study in China, the authors analyze the gaming practice of decision making process of enterprises, to extend the studies on emission trading via micro behavior analysis. The paper identifies that transaction cost, definition and allocation of initial emission rights, differential of marginal abatement costs, numbers of enterprises involving emission trading scheme are the key elements and factors that influencing the decisions and behaviors of enterprises in China. Based on the analysis, the authors further provided policy recommendations for developing emission trading policy in China, where there should be full considerations of initial allocation of quotas, and to set up regulations to avoid the possible market and political risks identified, and to implement trans-boundary trading practice to ensure the scale of emission trading market and reducing the transaction costs.

Research on Ocean Surface Wind Ambiguity Removal Algorithm for SeaWinds Scatterometer

XIE Xuetong,FANG Yu,CHEN Kehai,CHEN Xiaoxiang

2005, 41(6):  882-889. 

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The Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) algorithm for SeaWinds scatterometer wind vector retrieval generates 2~4 wind vector ambiguities, so a circle median filter is needed to perform the ambiguity removal. According to the spatial distribution characteristic of the most likely ambiguities in each SeaWinds wind vector cell, a new method for SeaWinds ambiguity removal is derived and discussed theoretically for its adaptability. This method features simple definition for the circle median number, low computation and easiness to converge. Using some L2A raw data from NASA to validate our method, the results indicate that under simple wind distribution condition the new method is effective in resolving the problem of block ambiguity appearing on each edge area of SeaWinds swath without any other reference data to initialize the wind field.

Design and Implementation of MCGE Issue's Calculation Based on Webservice

YU Hailong,WU Lun,LIN Xin,QIN Shi,Zhang Ming

2005, 41(6):  890-897. 

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At present, the calculation of the Modern Catchment Geomorphic Evolution (MCGE) issues is mainly solved by systems' integration, which results in function redundancy, lower efficiency and more difficult modification. The method to resolve the MCGE issues based on WebService is proposed. The design of the Modern Catchment Geomorphic Evolution Model Service(MCGEMS), and integration between MCGEMS and WCS are given. Within .NET interface, the MCGEMS and integration with WCS are implemented respectively. This method resolves the problems resulting from systems integration, improves the MCGEM reuse capability and simplifies the procedure of integration.

Removal of Pentachlorophenol (PCP) by Immobilized Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP)

YE Peng,ZHANG Jianbo,CHEN Song,YANG Yuxiang,WANG Weijing,WANG Shanlin

2005, 41(6):  918-925. 

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Researches on the removal of PCP by free HRP with the existence of H₂O₂ were conducted. PCP was measured by safranine-T spectrophotometric method (GB 9803-88). Results indicated that HRP could effectively oxidate PCP in aqueous solution. Factors, such as acidity, temperature, enzyme activity, and initial concentration of PCP and H₂O₂, which could influence the oxidation, were studied. Results showed that the optimum pH value for free enzyme was 5~6; relative higher temperature could accelerate the reaction greatly; removal rate increased with the increase of enzyme concentration, and removal rate could reach nearly 70% under the highest enzyme concentration (about 0.05u/mL) adopted in the experiment; removal rate increased slightly with the increase of initial concentration of PCP; the molar ratio of the reaction between PCP and H₂O₂ is about 1∶2. Based on above results, researches on the oxidation of PCP by immobilized HRP were conducted. Firstly, through chemical bonding method, free HRP was immobilized on polyacrylamide gel prepared by γ ray radiation method; then immobilized HRP was filled into a column, and PCP was successfully oxidated by immobilized HRP column. Finally, results were analyzed and compared with results using free HRP.

Simulation Study on the Impacts of Wetland States to Petroleum Pollution and Plant Growth

XU Xuegong,Shaw L. Yu,ZHANG Zhihuan,DU Qiaoling,HOU Lisheng,LIN Huiping,WANG Daojun,Jenny X. ZHEN,LIU Wenzheng,ZHANG Qinghua

2005, 41(6):  935-940. 

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The simulating experiment constructed a series of "wetland buckets" containing soil polluted by petroleum and some wetland plants from the Yellow River Delta. Through monitoring the growth of wetland plants (mainly common reed and cattails) and assaying O/G and TPH in soils according to timelapse, the function of wetland degrading oil pollution was validated. The petroleum pollutants in the surface layer of soil were decreased by eluviations and degradation. For some wetland plants such as reed and cattail, a small quantity of petroleum pollutants did not form deadly menace, their growing tallness was positive correlated with water deepness. Therefore, wetland buffer can be constructed to reduce the impact of petroleum pollution and plant adaptive wetland vegetation so as to improve the environment of oil field.

Chinese Associations about Mother Differ from those of American: Evidence from the Scope Hypothesis

ZHANG Li

2005, 41(6):  941-949. 

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Two experiments were conducted to investigate the scope hypothesis. Every trial included an initial task in which participants were asked to describe or define an adjective trait and a target task, in which they were asked to retrieve from memory a specific episode consistent or inconsistent with the initial traits. A 9-point scale was used to identify the descriptive degree for the initial traits. The results show that when self as the target, the trait summary exists in whichever descriptive degree and therefore activates the inconsistent episodic memory. The results are very similar to that of Klein et al. with American participants. However, when mother as the target, the trait summery can also activate the inconsistent episodic memory on high, medial or low descriptive degrees, which is different to American results. From the angle of scope hypothesis, this study verifies that to Chinese, the role of mother is similar to the role of self on the memory level, which suggests that Chinese self-schema may include mother.

Effects of the Suspended Sediment on the Water Quality in the Yellow River

CHEN Jingsheng,YU Tao

2005, 41(6):  950-956. 

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The Yellow River is unique for its excessive suspended sediment of the world rivers. The interaction between sediment and water produces significant influences on the water quality in the Yllow River. On the basis of previous studies, the paper presents a comprehensive review and summary on the influence of sediment to water quality in the Yellow River, highlighting four issues: 1) the influence of the sediment on pollutant behavier, 2) the relationship between sediment-associated natural organic matter and water quality parameters of oxygen-consuming organic pollutants and its influence on the assessment of the water quality in the Yellow River, 3) the relationship between the heavy metal background values of the sediment and the water quality parameters of the heavy metals and its influence on the assessment of the pollution of the Yellow River, 4) the influence of sedimentcontaining much carbonates in the Yellow River on the water quality and the monitoring of the water quality.

Review of Measurement Techniques about Organic Carbon and Elemental Carbon in Atmospheric Particles

HUAN Ning,ZENG Limin,SHAO Min

2005, 41(6):  957-964. 

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Because of their unique effect on environment and climate, and the harm to human health, organic carbon and elemental carbon in aerosols drawn growing concern by environmental scientists all over the world. There are many techniques to measure them; however, due to the different experimental principles, the results appeared distinct deviation from each other. For the ThermoOptical methods, with the totally same experimental principle, the EC measured by two machines from different factories, TOT and TOR, have an obvious difference, reaching 70%~80%. This paper introduces measurement methods applied to EC and OC analysis nowadays, including Optical Method and Thermo Method (ThermoOptical Method) to demonstrate their advantages and disadvantages, and to give an expectation for EC and OC in upcoming research.

Attachment and Memory for Emotional Events

LI Tonggui

2005, 41(6):  965-974. 

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Memory for emotional events in attachment domain is focused on. After introducing some theoretical views on internal working model (IWM), a core concept of attachment theory, the author review studies on memory for emotional events using laboratorybased method, autobiographical memory, and priming method. Some implications of the topics are also discussed.