Abstract: Based on differences of externalities’ reaches, rural environment problems are categorized into two major types: environment problems with weak externalities and those with strong externalities. These two types of environmental problems need to be managed through different approaches. The authors argue that rural environment problems with weak externalities should be solved by internal cooperation within small groups, while rural environmental problems with strong externalities should be solved by supervision that imposes outside rewards and punishments on small groups.

Key words: externalities, rural area, environmental problems, management

摘要： 依据外部性波及范围的差异, 提出将农村环境问题分为弱外部性环境问题和强外部性环境问题两种类型。理论证明这两类环境问题应通过不同的管理方式解决。通过成本比较发现, 以小群体内部合作为特征的协议方式适宜于解决弱外部性农村环境问题, 而以外界对小群体实施奖惩为特征的监管方式适宜于解决强外部性农村环境问题。

关键词: 强弱外部性, 农村, 环境问题, 管理方式