北京大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 62 ›› Issue (2): 419-432.DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2026.011

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极紫外空间天文观测中单光子计数成像探测器的发展历史与展望

杨棋1,2, 段帷1,2,†, 白先勇1,2,3,†, 邓元勇1,2, 朱晓明1,2, 郭思璠1,2, 冯宇飞1,2, 杨潇1,2, 叶雨杨1,2, 胡子尧1,2
  

  1. 1. 中国科学院国家天文台太阳活动与空间天气全国重点实验室, 北京 100101 2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049 3. 北京师范大学天文与天体物理前沿科学研究所, 北京 102206
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-18 修回日期:2026-01-20 出版日期:2026-03-20 发布日期:2026-03-20
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(12303088)资助

History and Future Perspectives of Photon Counting Imaging Detector for Extreme Ultraviolet Space Astronomical Exploration

YANG Qi1,2, DUAN Wei1,2,†, BAI Xianyong1,2,3,†, DENG Yuanyong1,2, ZHU Xiaoming1,2, GUO Sifan1,2, FENG Yufei1,2, YANG Xiao1,2, YE Yuyang1,2, HU Ziyao1,2
  

  1. 1. State Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101

    2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

    3. China Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 102206

  • Received:2025-09-18 Revised:2026-01-20 Online:2026-03-20 Published:2026-03-20

摘要:

系统地总结基于微通道板(MCP)的光子计数成像探测器的发展历史、技术原理及其在极紫外(EUV)波段天文观测任务中的应用现状。首先介绍EUV天文观测的科学意义与技术挑战, 阐述光子计数成像探测器在弱光探测中的关键作用; 然后详细地介绍光阴极材料、MCP结构和电子倍增机制以及光学读出型与电子读出型(如电阻型、楔条型、游标型、延迟线型和交叉条型等)的工作原理和性能特点; 接着梳理20世纪70年代以来国内外重要EUV及部分相近波段天文观测任务中采用的基于MCP探测器的类型、参数和在轨表现, 总结各类阳极结构在空间分辨率、计数率、暗计数率及系统复杂度等方面的差异; 最后结合国际发展趋势与我国“探冕计划”等任务需求, 分析量子效率、空间分辨率、最大计数率和暗计数率等核心参数性能需求, 提出需要重点关注的探测器类型建议。

关键词: 太阳, 恒星, 极紫外(EUV)波段天文观测, 光子计数成像探测器

Abstract:

This paper systematically summarizes the history, technical principles, and current application status of photon counting imaging detectors based on microchannel plates (MCPs) for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) astronomical observations. The article first introduces the scientific significance and technical challenges of EUV astronomical observations, and explains the key role of photon counting imaging detectors in weak light detection. Secondly, it elaborates on the basic structure of the photocathode material, MCP detector, the electron multiplication mechanism, and the working principles and performance characteristics of optical readout and electronic readout types (such as resistive type, wedge strip type, cursor type, delay line type, cross strip type, etc.). It reviews the types, parameters, and in-orbit performance of MCP-based detectors used in important EUV and ultraviolet and soft X-ray astronomical missions worldwide since the 1970s, summarizes the differences in spatial resolution, count rate, dark count rate, and system complexity among various anode structures. Finally, in combination with international development trends and future mission requirements such as China’s Coronal Explorer for our Sun and nearly Stars (CESS) program, it analyzes the performance requirements of core parameters such as quantum efficiency, spatial resolution, maximum count rate, and dark count rate, and suggests the types of detectors to be focused on.

Key words: sun, stars, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) astronomical observations, photon counting imaging detectors