By taking different types of shelterbelt (Populus simonii forest, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. × Populus simonii forest) as research objects, adopting sample site survey and semi-fixed observation methods, and by comparing with Caragana forest, grassland and farmland, this paper explores the characteristics of wind erosion and the diffusion law of PM₁, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ caused by wind erosion, so as to quantify the relationship between wind erosion inhibition rate and particulate matter reduction rate of shelterbelt. The results show that Caragana forest and grassland have better ability to inhibit soil sand formation. Populus simonii forest, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. × Populus simonii forest have significant effects on arresting particulate matter. The concentration of PM₁₀ increases first and then decreases in Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest and Populus simonii forest, but decreases slowly in Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. × Populus simonii forest. There is a nonlinear relationship between wind erosion inhibition rate and particulate matter reduction rate of shelterbelts with different vegetation types, and the fitting relationship between them is the best in Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest. Different vegetation types have different functions in inhibiting soil wind erosion and arresting particulate matter, among which Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest has the best comprehensive protection.