Table of Content

20 March 2006, Volume 42 Issue 2

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Modeling Seismicity by 3-D Cellular Automata

ZHU Shoubiao,CAI Yongen,LIU Jie,SHI Yaolin

2006, 42(2):  206-210. 

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Based on the research results of the non-linear dynamic model which consists of a plane network system built by spring-slider-damper, cellular automata model is developed from 2D to 3D, with the evolution rule modified. The authors design 100×100×40 grids for 3D cellular automata model, and produce 13540 synthetic seismic events. The computation results show that the tempo-spatial distribution of 3D synthetic events is consistent with that of actual natural earthquakes, and frequency-magnitude of synthetic seismic events meets G-R relation. Moreover, the synthetic events by cellular automata have fractal distribution on tempo-spatial scale. Compared with 2-D model, 3D cellular automata is more reasonable.

Accommodation Transform Hinge of Half-Graben Lacustrine Basin and Verified by Mathematics

WANG Yong,DONG Yongcai

2006, 42(2):  211-214. 

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During the halfgraben lacustrine basin developed, the episodic differential subsidence controlled by the main fault in steep slope zone of the lacustrine basin will result in the accommodation redistributed. While the water redistributing, the change of the relative lake level is not even at each point in lacustrine basin and the parasequence sets are also different. The concept of the accommodation transform hinge of half-graben lacustrine basin is put forward. The mathematic model of the accommodation transform hinge is built theoretically. The distributing position of the accommodation transform hinge and the influence factors are discussed. If it is located under the accommodation transform hinge in the gentle slope zone, the depth of water becomes deeper and forms TST(transgressive system tract); on the contrary, the water becomes shallow and forms RST(regressive system tract). HST(highstand system tract) will be formed in the tranquility period. The conception can help researchers study the uneven change of the relative lake level in half-graben lacustrine, and it is also helpful to find subtle reservoirs.

Observational Analysis of Long Life-Cycle Baroclinic Wave Packets in Southern Hemisphere Summer Seasons

ZHANG Bei,TAN Benkui

2006, 42(2):  215-219. 

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Using Hilbert transform and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the authors analyze the structures and nature of the long life-cycle baroclinic wave packets in the Southern Hemisphere. The average phase velocity of the carrier wave of wave packets is about 11.2°/d and the average group velocity of wave packets is about 25.4°/d. The vertical structures of wave packets are different at the stages of growth, mature, and decay. During the growing stage, the phase tilting of wave packets westward in the lower troposphere, almost vertical in the middle troposphere, and westward in the upper troposphere. During the mature stage, the phase tilting is westward in the lower troposphere, and the same as that in the growing stage, however, it becomes almost vertical at higher levels. During the decaying stage, the phase of wave packets is vertical at all levels. The time-evolution of wave packet energy is different from one case to another during their life cycles. Some of wave packets experience only one "growth-mature-decay" cycle, but others undergo several such cycles.

Calculational and Distributive Method of Urban Total Permitted Air Pollutant Emission

MA Xiaoming,WANG Donghai,YI Zhibin,YIN Yanpeng

2006, 42(2):  271-275. 

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Total air pollutant emission control planning is a major urban environmental management approach. A set of technical schemes have been developed, which are applicable to study the calculational and distributive method of the total quantity control for urban air pollutant emission in China. The permitted total emission equivalent quantity of urban air pollutants and its distribution in urban area, which can be used as regional air pollution control index and can be allocated to each major pollution source as its limit of emission quantity, can be worked out by using linear programming model based on regional grid air pollutants transfer matrix which considers the difference of functional regions and the justice of the permitted emission's distribution. The application of the technical paths and models in Jinan, indicates that it is reasonable and feasible.

Signal Transduction of Apoptosis and NF-κB Activation

CHEN Danying,SHU Hongbing,ZHAI Zhonghe

2006, 42(2):  141-145. 

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Apoptosis is a cellular suicide program that is controlled by a cell's gene products. NF-κB is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor that regulates the expression of an exceptionally large number of genes, including those involved in anti-apoptosis effects. Abnormality of apoptosis and NF-κB activation may lead to numerous human diseases. The goal of this project is to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of the signal transduction pathway of apoptosis and NF-κB activation. A cell-free apoptosis inducing system consisting of a mixture of X. laevis egg extracts was developed. By using this system, the research group of Dr. SHU and Prof. ZHAI identified apoptotic nuclease and it's inhibitor in X. laevis cells; investigated the effects of Phosphocreatine and Nucleoplasmin in apoptosis process. Seven novel genes regulating NF-κB activation were also cloned, and the new functions of five known genes in NF-κB activation regulation were identified. The authors firstly reported Cytochrome C release and caspase activation during apoptosis in plants.

K-Ar Geochronology of Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks of East Depression in Liaohe Basin and Its Geological Significance

YANG Mohan,HOU Guiting,SHI Ge

2006, 42(2):  184-191. 

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Liaohe basin is a Cenozoic rift valley with numerous volcanic activities developed in East Depression. Based on the large amount of K-Ar geochronology, petrology and geochemistry data, the Cenozoic volcanic activities in this depression are divided into 4 periods, which are Fangshenpao, Shasan, Shayi and Dongying periods. The Shasan and Dongying periods are two summits of volcanic activities, with accurate isotopic age of 43~38Ma and 32~25Ma respectively. This paper provides an accurate isotopic chronology constraints for the study of Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Bohai basin and Eastern China.

Advances in the Study of Psittacosaurids and the Appilcation of CT Scan

ZHOU Changfu,GAO Keqin,DU Xiangke,QI Weiwei,ZHANG Sen

2006, 42(2):  146-152. 

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Psittacosaurids, with a confined distribution during the Early Cretaceous in East Asia, have an important bearing on understanding the origin and evolution of ceratopsian dinosaurs. Recent discovery of abundant psittacosaur fossils from the Lower Cretaceous fossil beds in western Liaoning of China provides the material for detailed study of the osteology and paleobiology of psittacosaurs. This paper furnishes a review of recent advances in the study of psittacosaurs, with comments and discussion on the taxonomic diversity, temporal and geographical distributions, and the phylogenetic relationships of psittacosaurids. This study shows that the validity of the taxon name of Hongshanosaurus houi is highly questionable, as the naming of the genus and species is based on a juvenile and distorted specimen that cannot be clearly distinguished from other specimens of the genus Psittacosaurus; further investigation is needed to clarify its taxonomic status. Low-Resolution X-ray CT scan of a well-preserved psittacosaur skull is performed, and three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull image is achieved for the first time of a psittacosaur. LRXCT scan reveals important palatal structures of the psittacosaur specimen, and hence, provides new information on understanding the anatomy and paleobiology of psittacosaurs.

GAP Analysis and Regional Biodiversity Conservation

XIAO Haiyan,ZHAO Jun,JIANG Feng,ZENG Hui

2006, 42(2):  153-158. 

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Increasing species loss due to human-induced habitat destruction is a formidable task in conserving global biodiversity. In order to reverse the negative situation in which traditional theories and practices can hardly stop the trend of species extinction, a holistic strategy for biodiversity conservation at landscape and regional levels is raised and underpinned by GAP analysis approach. GAP analysis is to integrate land cover, species distribution and land stewardship in a GIS context to identify the "gaps" that need special attentions in the future planning of regional biodiversity conservation and land use. This paper reviewed the GAP Analysis Program in US focusing on its basic technical processes, related theories and practical progress made recently as well as the key constraints in application. Also, necessity in theory and application to conduct similar research and applications in China is discussed based on the key issues existing in the biodiversity conservation in China.

Geological Heritage's Functions and Their Relationship from the View of the World Heritage

ZHANG Chengyu

2006, 42(2):  226-230. 

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From the viewpoint of world heritage, the geological heritage's functions of science research, science-popularization, education, sightseeing, aesthetics and enlightening are discussed on the basis of the geological heritage's scientific and aesthetic values. With the advancement of modern tourism, the geological reasons why natural beauty and landscapes came into being become one of important contents of science-popularization and education. The usual sightseeing activities slowly change to the science-popularization and education tourism. These functions of the geological heritage eventually promote the development of geological research and bring people to a higher geological knowledge level.

Myth of the Most Frequently Used Cultural Frames: A Critical Look at Individualism/Collectivism and Independent/Interdependent Self-Construals

WANG Qian,SU Yanjie

2006, 42(2):  159-167. 

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The most frequently used frames to explain cultural differences in psychological functioning between Americans and Asians have been individualism-collectivism and, more recently, independent-interdependent self-construals. The conceptualization and assessment of these two frames as well as the empirical evidence for and against their validity and utility in cultural comparisons are reviewed. Also discussed is how the two frames are related to each other, what are the limitations of these frames as they are currently conceptualized and assessed in capturing both similarities and differences in psychological functioning between Americans and Asians, and future directions for refinement of these frames as well as for theoretical and methodological advances in cultural research.

Phenomenological Theory of Interdiffusion Growth of Solid Phase

CHEN Yongchong,QI Lu,ZHANG Yonggang,CHEN Changqi

2006, 42(2):  168-174. 

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Recently the phenomena of diffusion-induced stresses and strains have been highlighted but the systematic theoretical analysis is still scarce. Traditional theory of chemical diffusion in solid states can not describe the relation of diffusion fluxes and diffusion-induced stresses because the research subject of the traditional theory is the diffusing atom or atomic flux, not the volume unit in the interdiffusion field. For this reason, the concept "flow point" in the interdiffusion field is proposed and the methods of fluid mechanics are applied to construct the phenomenological theory for describing the interdiffusion growth of solid phase. Two types of phase growth, i.e. volume and interface growths, are then mathematically defined and the diffusion-induced stresses and strains related to the two types of phasegrowth are elucidated. Also, the interesting periodic layer formation during solid state reactions is discussed as the result of diffusion-induced stresses.

Primary Study on Gene Expression during Root Differentiation from Rice Calli

GUO Lei,CHENG Yinghao,WANG Ziyi,HE Bin,ZHANG Junjun,LIU Shiqing,LIU Meihua,CHEN Zhangliang,QU Lijia,GU Hongya

2006, 42(2):  175-179. 

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Rice calli keep proliferating constantly without differentiation on N₆ medium, but can be induced to differentiate to form roots when they are treated with ABA. Basing on this physiological feature, RNAs were extracted from the calli cultured on mediums with or without ABA respectively, and hybridized with the rice cDNA microarray. By analyzing the cDNA microarray data, The authors totally obtained 271 genes associated with root differentiation from calli, including 107 up-regulated genes and 164 down-regulated genes. This preliminary result provides new clues for further study on the molecular mechanism of root differentiation of rice calli.

In Vitro Construction of Pseudovirions of Human Papillomavirus Type 16

QIN Yan,CUI Honglian,HU Meihao

2006, 42(2):  180-183. 

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The L1 major capsid protein of human papillomavirus type 16 was expressed in sf9 insect cells by recombinant baculoviruses and self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs). The VLPs were harvested by CsCl ultracentrifugation and were disassembled with DTT and EDTA. A reassembled process was performed by removing DTT and EDTA in the presence of E6E7-pcDNA3.1+ plasmid and Ca²⁺. The novel VLPs, in which the plasmid was packed, were named HPV16 pseudovirus.

Subsidence History and Sedimentary Response in the North of Western Ordos Basin

YANG Shengbin,GUO Qingyin,HOU Guiting,SUN Ye

2006, 42(2):  192-198. 

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Through the analysis of subsidence history in the north of western Ordos basin, as a result of the terranes northward accretion and the successive collision of the Baykala block in the Middle Triassic, the Qiangtang block in the Late Triassic, the Lhasa block in the Middle Jurassic, the Gangdese block in the Cretaceous and the subduction of Izanagi plate in Yanshanian period, the studied region became a intracontinental foreland basin from Late Triassic to Cretaceous. Because of the collision of the terranes, the episodic tectonic activity occurred in the orogenic belt, resulting in the episodic subsidence of the basin. Each compression and thrusting of orogenic belt led to the subsidence of the foreland basin and the sediment filling, directly controlling the filling sequences and sedimentary characteristics of the foreland basin.

Miocene Sedimentary Characteristics in Aksay and Subei Basins and Their Relationship with Altyn Tagh Fault

LU Peng,ZHANG Zhicheng,GUO Zhaojie

2006, 42(2):  199-205. 

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The Aksay and Subei basins are adjacent to Altyn Tagh fault system formed in Miocene and were considered as one basin cut by Altyn Tagh fault system in late Miocene. By analyzing the composition of the sandstones, it was found that the two basins were filled by different sources. The Aksay basin is characterized by quartz and clast with abundant metamorphic fragments. The Subei basin is characterized by quartz and feldspar with abundant volcanic grains. The two basins are of different heavy mineral assemblage. The Subei basin has much more instable minerals, such as epidote and hornblende which reflect the rapid accumulation. These two basins go through different evolution stages, which show that the two basins are not formed as a single basin, but they are all controlled by Altyn Tagh fault system. The Altyn Tagh fault system was displacing in Miocene and controlled the Aksay basin, while in the Subei basin, Altyn Tagh fault system transformed the displacement into the uplift of Danghe Nanshan which controled the deposition of the Subei basin.

Structures and Characteristics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over Beijing Area in Autumn

ZHANG Xin,CAI Xuhui,CHAI Fahe

2006, 42(2):  220-225. 

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Using air sounding data from 3 stations in the western urban and suburban districts of Beijing in September and October, 2000, the authors study the diurnal variation of the atmosphere boundary layer height, and analyze the vertical structures and characteristics of temperatures, wind directions and wind speeds in the boundary layers. Differences of the variables between urban and suburban districts are compared. The results show that, in the autumn of Beijing, the maximum atmosphere boundary-layer height is about 1km in daytime, and the nocturnal stable boundary layer height is between 200 and 400m. For clear days, daytime temperatures in urban area are higher than those in suburban districts, indicating the effect of urban thermal-island. However, temperature difference at night is not obvious. A lower boundary layer, caused by strong temperature inversion over it, leads to weak vertical exchange between the boundary layer and upper layers. It thus favors the formation of fogs and haze. According to the vertical wind profiles, three types of nocturnal flows below 400m could be identified, they are (i) weak winds in the whole layer; (ii) lower-level jet; and (iii) with maximum of wind speed near surface. All these flows are closely related to different thermal stratifications.

Comparative Research on the Proportion and Combination Sorts of Adopted Criterions of World Heritage between the Globe and China

DING Chao

2006, 42(2):  231-237. 

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There are some differences on content, narrative and arrangement order of the criterions between the 2005 edition of Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (hereinafter referred to as "The Operational Guidelines") and the 2002 provisional revision edition. Those differences embody the new tendency in the criteria for the inscription of properties on the World Heritage List. So, it is worthy to research the criterions in the point of the development of world heritage projects in China. On the basis of full statistics, the paper analyses the proportion of adopted criterions and combination sorts of 788 world heritages on the World Heritage List of 2004 systematically, and especially, compares those with China. It is unfair to properties of China for inscription on the World Heritage List in the past years because almost each of them should meet more criterions than the international common level, but many heritage resources meet 1-2 criterion(s) can not be inscribed into the list timely. The quota of world heritage of each year and each State Party in the 2005 edition of The Operational Guidelines will pose an obstacle to the inscription of heritage resources of China in the future. So, the State Parties of China should adjust the policy, and apply for new kinds of world cultural heritage and all kinds of natural heritages effectively, then, change the unreasonable regulations in the actual Operational Guidelines through proper way.

Effects of Managerial Self-Efficacy on Managers' Wrok-Related Attitudes and Performances: An Exploratory Study in China

LU Changqin,LING Wenquan,FANG Liluo

2006, 42(2):  276-280. 

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Self-efficacy is a critical component of social cognitive theory, which is a primary influence on human thought, motivation, and action. Focused on managerial self-efficacy (MSE), this study investigated the effects of MSE on managers' work-related attitudes and performances. About 450 enterprise managers who were from different kinds of organizations in several provinces of China were surveyed. The latent variable path analyses of SEM (structural equation modeling) were used for data analyses. The results showed that: (1)MSE was positively associated with higher management effectiveness and more management innovations, (2)MSE was positively associated with job satisfaction and job involvement, (3)MSE was negatively associated with occupational strains.

Some Influencing Factor for CO₂ Absorption Cycle-Ability of Lithium Zirconate

WANG Yinjie,QI Lu,JIANG Weijun

2006, 42(2):  281-283. 

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With nanometer-sized monoclinic ZrO₂, lithium carbonate, and potassium carbonate as starting materials, according to n(Li₂CO₃) : n(ZrO₂) : n(K₂CO₃) = 1 : 1 : 0.03, potassium-doped lithium zirconate absorbents were prepared by high-temperature solid-state reaction. Their CO₂-absorption cycle-properties were measured with a thermogravimetric analyzer. The crystal structure of the re-prepared absorbents was studied by comparison of their XRD patterns. The microscopic morphologies of re-prepared absorbents were viewed by a sanning electron microscopy. The experimental results showed, after absorption of CO₂, the material could be re-prepared, whose performance of absorbing CO₂ for the second time is affected by the temperature and air flux during re-preparation. When the temperature is 750℃ and the air flux is 100mL/min, the re-prepared material has good cycle ability to absorb CO₂.

Environmental Change and Its Impact on Human Activities in Middle Holocene at Mengjin, Henan Province

DONG Guanghui,XIA Zhengkai,LIU Decheng,WU Qinglong

2006, 42(2):  238-243. 

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A holocene paleosol-loess sediment profile and lacustrine sediment profile were found in Mengjin, Henan province. The authors investigated the stratum in this area and analysed samples from the paleosol-loess sediment profile to study middle Holocene environmental change in Mengjin as well as its impact on human activity. Based on particle-size analysis and magnetic susceptibility, CaCO₃ measurement of the paleosol-loess sediment profile, together with the comparison between the paleosol-loess sediment profile and the lacustrine sediment profile, it was concluded that during 5660-7020aBP and 3755-4610aBP, an ancient lake and paleosol were formed in this area, climate was wet and warm; The climate fluctuated during 4610-5660aBP, the ancient lake shrank to sporadic bogs, and the paleosol ceased to develop; During 3055-3755aBP, the ancient lake shrank and dried up, and loess began to accumulate, the climate turned to cold and dry. Human began to lived on the paleosol during late Henan Longshan period, because the lake level was high in this period; During Erlitou period, however, as the ancient lake withered away, human activities expanded gradually to lower land; when the ancient lake dried up, human became to live on lacustrine sediment.

Paleoclimatic Events from 40 to 46ka B.P. Based on Stalagmite Records in Eastern Chongqing, China

DONG Mingxing,LUO Kunli,CHEN Qiao,LI Shuwen,YE Chengli,LIU Qiang

2006, 42(2):  244-248. 

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The w(Mg)/w(Sr) ratio in a stalagmite, which is directly proportional to D_Mg/Ca, the solid-liquid distribution coefficient of Mg, is proposed as a geochemical thermometer to estimate paleoclimatic changes. The palaeoclimatic changes in Eastern Chongqing in the last glaciation from 46 to 40kaBP have been reconstructed by using this thermometer in stalagmite(No. ZNSD17) from Furong Cave, Wulong county. The climate changes can be divided into three periods: warm(46-44.6kaBP), cool and wet(44.6-40.6kaBP), hot and dry(40.6-40kaBP). A high resolution between 51 and 135 years of w(Mg)/w(Sr) thermometer clearly displays a cool event (Heinrich Event 4) occurring in 41.42kaBP and 3 warm events (IS8, IS9 and IS10) occurring at 40, 45, and 45.7kaBP respectively. These results are well correlated with the preceding data within the range of errors.

A New Solid-Phase Microextraction with Activated Charcoal Coated Fiber

WANG Yonghua

2006, 42(2):  249-253. 

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A new solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber coated with porous layer activated charcoal has been developed for the quantification of benzene in gas. There is a linear relationship between the amount of benzene extracted by the SPME coated with porous layer activated charcoal and gas volume (V_g) at ≤100mL of gas phase volume. The linear equation is A=25.815V_g+36.462 with correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.999. The linear equation between amounts of benzene extracted by the SPME coated with porous layer activated charcoal and concentration of benzene (C) in gas phase is A=140.09C+16.24 with correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.996, ranging of concentration from 0.0879 to 52ng·mL^-1. The linear equation between the reciprocal of amounts of benzene extracted (1/A) and the reciprocal of gas volume (1/V_g) is 1/A=0.11805/V_g+0.00011, with correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.9999. The extraction recovery and sorption coefficient (K)for benzene are 92.47% and 2.15×10⁶, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) and relative error (RE) are 6.98% and 7.50% for benzene, respectively. Detection limit of 5.86×10^-3ng·mL^-1 and linear range of 10.4 are measured. The maximum amount of the adsorbed benzene is 2636ng. The results obtained by use of this porous layer activated charcoal fiber are also compared with results obtained by use of a polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) coated fiber(SUPELCO, USA).

Research on the Isolation and Characters of Several Strains of Thermophilic Cellulolytic Bacteria

WANG Zhichao,LU Wenjing,WANG Hongtao

2006, 42(2):  259-264. 

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Six strains of thermophilic cellulolytic bacteria (TCB) which can strongly decompose celluloses were isolated in the high-temperature period from a large-scale composting. Their rate of growth, stability of temperature and activity of cellulase were determined. The results showed that they could grow under the temperature from 45℃ to 65℃, and the optimum temperature is 50℃-60℃. They could grow rapidly and vigorously on both the general culture medium for bacteria and the restrictive medium in which CMC is the sole resource of carbon, and when cultured to about 14h and 36h, their maximum amount of colonies could be reached. All the 6 strains have high activity of C_x enzyme and capacity of decomposing the filter paper. They can decompose the filter paper in 2 or 3 days and obviously reduce the lignocelluloses in it.

Preparation and Characteristics of Immobilized Laccase from Coriolus versicolor on Chitosan

CHEN Hui,ZHANG Jianbo,WANG Weijing,YANG Yuxiang

2006, 42(2):  254-258. 

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Laccase has been immobilized on chitosan with glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent. The effects on the activity of immobilized laccase, such as concentration of glutaraldehyde, crosslinking time, laccase dosage and reaction time were studied. The results showed the optimal conditions of immobilization: the optimal glutaraldehyde concentration was 5%, the optimal crosslinking time was 8h, the optimal laccase dosage was 20mg/g carrier, and the optimal reaction time was 6h. On this condition, the recovery of enzyme activity was 52.2%. The results indicated that the optimal pH for immobilized laccase was around 4.5, which is lower than the best pH 5.0 for free enzyme. Compared with the free enzyme, its stability and repetition were considerably improved.

Measurement and Discussion of Carbonaceous PM_2.5 during Winter in Beijing

HUAN Ning,ZENG Limin,SHAO Min,CUI Liang,MAO Jietai,ZHOU Nan,DONG Huabin,YU Zhongying,LUO Zhiming

2006, 42(2):  265-270. 

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The carbon content in PM_2.5 is measured by Aethalometer (for BC) and Sunset OC/EC analyzer (TOT, for EC), respectively, during the winter of 2004 in Beijing. The experimental result shows that black carbon and elemental carbon have a good agreement with a high correlation coefficient (R²=0.80), so does organic carbon and elemental carbon (R²=0.82). The ratio of OC to EC is higher in the daytime than at night and higher at normal day than at temperature inversion day. In addition, there is no significant difference of OC to EC ratio between day and night at temperature inversion day. The average ratio of OC to EC is 4.76. It is also proved that ratio of OC to EC larger than 2 is not the exact index for secondary pollution.