Table of Content

20 March 2010, Volume 46 Issue 2

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The Studies on the Microrheological Characteristics of Dendritic Cells

ZENG Zhu

2010, 46(2):  307-312. 

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Dendritic Cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that play a critical role in initiating and amplifying of innate and adaptive immune responses. The microrheological characteristics of cells reflect the relationship between structure and function. During their complex life cycle, DCs appear various immunological functions and microrheological characteristics, moreover, the tumor-derived suppressive cytokines can inhibit the immunological functions of DCs through the impairment of their microrheological characteristics, which is one of the ways that tumor escape immune surveillance. This review mainly introduces the recent results of Hemorheological Research Center of Peking University on DCs microrheology.

Channel Characteristics Study of Shortwave Communication with Transmit Narrow-Beam

LI Yanli,DUAN Xiaohui,MA Meng,JIAO Bingli

2010, 46(2):  155-161. 

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The authors propose a method of using transmit narrow-beam to spatially concentrate the radiation energy on dominant path and suppress undesired paths in the shortwave communication. Based on the time-variant double layers & plane valley electron density profile, the theoretical analysis of narrow-beam channel characteristics is conducted. Under the mid-latitude mid-range communication, the calculations of channel parameters are taken for different number of transmit antennas at different time and the serving region size is calculated for certain narrow beam. Both the theoretical study and the calculation results show that the gain of the power ratio of dominant path to the others and the coherence bandwidth can be dramatically increased in the shortwave communication with narrow-beam.

Modeling WS-BPEL Process under the Dead-Path-Elimination

XU Chunxiang,QU Wanling,WANG Hanpin,ZHU Meixia

2010, 46(2):  162-170. 

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A new model named DPE net is advanced for describing the WS-BPEL process under the dead-path-elimination semantics. Color sets CTRL and STAT are introduced to represent the states of activities and status of links within activity flow. This can reduce the scale of the model, thus a more intuitive model can be got. DPE net models for various control structures of WS-BPEL are given, which describe not only basic control flow, including basic activities and structured activities, but also dead path elimination semantics and relatively complete link semantics, including join conditions and transition conditions. Finally, a case study shows that modeling WS-BPEL process with DPE net will help get more accurate analysis results.

A Greedy-Based Resource Allocation Algorithm for Multicast and Unicast Services in OFDM System

SHEN Jun,WU Bo,YI Na,JIANG Wei,XIANG Haige

2010, 46(2):  171-177. 

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The authors propose a resource allocation algorithm for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system to provide QoS guarantee for multicast and unicast service concurrently. The optimization objective is to maximize the sum rate of the unicast users under the constraints of power and the minimal rate requirements of multicast service, which can be solved by traditional two-step approach. To decrease the complexity, a greedy-based approach is proposed. According to theoretical analysis and simulation results, the performance of the proposed algorithm is close to the two-step approach meanwhile the complexity is effectively decreased. In summary, the proposed algorithm can balance the performance and complexity well and is suitable to be applied to the practical scenario.

Spatial Distributions and Changes of Aerosol Optical Depth over Eastern and Central China

GUAN Jiaxin,LI Chengcai

2010, 46(2):  185-191. 

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Seasonal changes of aerosol optical depth over the Central and Eastern China, the Sichuan Basin, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta from MODIS data from March 2000 to February 2009 are analyzed and compared. It is found that in the 9 years the mean AOD over every region in all seasons has significant increasing trends, except for Sichuan Basin in autumn. The highest AOD occurs over the Yangtze River Delta in both annual and seasonal averages, and the increasing rate of annual mean is up to 1.82% per year. The AOD over Sichuan basin ranks second, and then is North China, the Pearl River Delta has the lowest annual average AOD. The fastest increase of AOD is in summer, the difference between spring and summer becomes smaller, and some areas, such as North China, AOD in summer is higher than that in spring. AOD data are the least and their growth rate are the lowest in winter. Thus, the gap between winter and other seasons becomes larger. The AOD over some regions in some seasons, such as over the North China in summer and autumn, the Sichuan Basin in spring, summer and autumn, and the Pear River Delta in autumn, over the period of 2006 to 2008 have continuous decreasing trends. These results will benefit the studies of regional climate change and air pollution variation.

On the Modulation of MJO to the Precipitation of Southeast China in Winter Season

YUAN Wei,YANG Haijun

2010, 46(2):  207-214. 

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The modulation of Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) on the precipitation of Southeast China and the possible teleconnections are investigated. The composites station precipitation data show that it has significant response to MJO: during the first four phases of MJO the precipitation rate is anomaly high, while the last four phases the precipitation rate is anomaly low. The diagnosis of the mositure budget shows that it is the anomaly meridional wind that transports the anomaly mositure from the tropical area to Southeast China. The composites of anomaly geopotential height and wind at 500 hPa show that the MJO can excite the PNA teleconnection, which accompanies the anomoly meridional wind. The EOF analysis of v in related region shows an MJO related mode: the spatial pattern of EOF1 lags EOF2 for a quarter, while the time series PC1 leads PC2 for a quarter. This MJO related mode may explain the meridional wind and the consequence precipitation modulation to Southeast China.

Application of MODIS AOD in Surface PM₁₀ Evaluation

HE Xiu,DENG Zhaoze,LI Chengcai,Alexis Kai-Hon LAU,WANG Meihua,LIU Xiaoyang,MAO Jietai

2010, 46(2):  174-184. 

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This study was based on two-year MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) product and PM₁₀ mass concentrations calculated from Air Pollutant Index (API) in Beijing and the hourly averaged measurements at Peking University in Beijing and Yuen Long station in Hong Kong. The direct correlation between AOD and PM₁₀ mass concentration was found relatively low. The correlation coefficient between aerosol surface extinction ( achieved from dividing AOD by seasonal aerosol scalar heights) and PM₁₀ mass concentration increased to some extent. The correlation further improved after considering the influence of relative hfumidity (RH) on aerosol optical properties. This comparison verified that the MODIS AOD can be applied in the evaluation of surface PM₁₀ mass concentration after taking aerosol vertical distribution and influence of RH into consideration.

Relationship between PM₁₀ Mass Concentration and Bulk Richardson Number in Beijing

ZHANG Yankun,LIU Shuhua,LI Ju,WANG Yingchun,MA Yanjun

2010, 46(2):  192-198. 

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The analysis data include the PM₁₀ (particulate matter with aero-dynamic diameter smaller than 10 μm) mass concentration, AWS (automatic weather station) data and radio-sounding data at Beijing Observatory in November 2007, to find out the relationship between PM₁₀ mass concentration and bulk Richardson number. The result got by statistical analysis software SPSS 15. 0 shows that there is strong correlation between PM₁₀ mass concentration and surface meteorological factors, as well as bulk Richardson number in atmospheric stable stratification condition in Beijing area. The linear correlation between PM₁₀ mass concentration and wind speed ( r= - 0. 65, α= 0. 01) is significant, and the same as that PM₁₀ mass concentration and relative humidity (r = 0. 69, α= 0. 01). There is a nonlinear relationship like logarithm ( R = 0. 42) between PM₁₀ mass concentration and bulk Richardson number of ground to 450m layer. Besides, some independent sample tests also suggest that the regression model simulates the PM₁₀ mass concentration well when using the radio-sounding data.

Analysis of Nonmethane Organic Compounds (NMOCs) Measurements in Urban Shanghai

RAN Liang,ZHAO Chunsheng,GENG Fuhai,PENG Li,ZHOU Guangqiang,YU Qiong,XU Jianming

2010, 46(2):  199-206. 

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The study of general status of NMOCs, NMOCs composition and ozone formation potentials of various NMOCs species help better understand the ozone problem and make effective ozone abatement strategies in NMOCs-sensitive regime. Analysis of NMOCs 24-hours sampling from November 6, 2005 to August 8,2007 in urban Shanghai Xujiahui indicates that daily NMOCs display no apparent seasonal variation with average concentration of about 50 ppbv. The major components are alkanes, alkenes and aromatics. Due to their relatively high reactivities and concentrations, aromatics play a dominant role in contributing to ozone photochemical production. Toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, butene and propene are found to be among the top list of ozone formation potentials. NMOCs in urban Shanghai are largely of anthropogenic origin. They are mainly from vehicular exhausts, evaporation of solvents and architectural materials and emissions from the petrochemical complex in the southern Jinshan District.

The Geological Environment of the Xenolith-Bearing Miocene Basalt from Siziwang County, Inner Mongolia

JING Xu,WU Tairan,HE Yuankai

2010, 46(2):  215-233. 

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The xenolith-bearing Miocene basalts in Siziwang County, Inner Mongolia, are characterized with high-K (1. 16 %

Study on Structural Stress Fields since Permian, Junggar Basin and Adjacent Areas

XIAO Fangfeng,HOU Guiting,WANG Yanxin,LI Le

2010, 46(2):  224-230. 

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Three periods of structural stress fields can be recognized since Permian in Junggar Basin and adjacent areas based on structural evolution analysis, that is the end of Permian, the end of Jurassic (or lasting to the end of K1) and Neogene. Their maximum principal stress orientation are respectively NWW-NW, near SN, and NNE, which are derived from the occurrence data of the stress-response structures, i. e. , dykes, joints, slickensides, folds and faults. Furthermore, the authors simulated the stress field since Neogene based on 2D finite-element method, to deeply analyze the following questions: distribution and direction of stresses in the whole basin; influence of the geometry model for the stress field; as well as the dynamics of structures related to stress field.

Organic Geochemistry of Nanmingshui Formation Source Rocks in Shaerbulake Region, Fuyun County, Xinjiang

ZHANG Jiazhen,XU Bei,PANG Xuyong,WEI Wei,WANG Yu

2010, 46(2):  231-236. 

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According to the organic geochemical analysis including rock pyrolysis, residual organic carbon content, kerogen carbon isotope, organic maceral, vitrinite reflectance, gas chromatography of saturated hydrocarbon, etc. , a comprehensive study on organic matter abundance, type and maturity of Lower Carboniferious Nanmingshui Formation mudstone and shale outcrop samples in Shaerbulake region of Fuyun County was made, and the original sedimentary environment and bio-inputs of organic matter were discussed. The results show that the second and third member of Nanmingshui Formation with organic carbon in relatively high content belong to good source rocks. The organic matter in the second member is type Ⅱ₂and type Ⅲ, and that in the third member is type Ⅲ. The organic matter has a high degree of thermal evolution and is at the high-mature and over-mature stage. The source rocks are deposited in an open water of strong reduction and high salty. The organic matters are mainly derived from terrestrial higher plant, and mixed with few input of aquatic low organisms.

Implication of Active Structure along the Northern Tianshan by Stream Length-Gradient Index and Hack Profile

ZHAO Hongzhuang,LI Youli,YANG Jingchun

2010, 46(2):  237-244. 

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River longitudinal profile can reflect various geomorphic and landform characteristics of its drainage basin. This study is focused on the profile of the 10 mainstreams of the northern Tianshan. SL index(SL) and gradient index (SL/K) are examined for concavity studies of each profile. They are compared with the bedrock distribution, active structures, and geomorphic features to clarify the activity of the northern Tianshan. The results illustrate that, after millions of years of tectonic evolution, the main factor to cause the landform of the drainage basin is tectonic uplifting, instead of what proposed by Davis's graded river theory. The third episode of the Himalayan movement affects the trailing edge of the deformation belt, and the movement at the end of the early Pleistocene leads the southern margin of the Junggar Basin to deform completely. Gradient index increases as each river meeting with the southern margin fault of the Junggar basin in district Ⅱ. Therefore, in a large-scaled view of gradient index, tectonic fault exhibits a strong influence on river profile in the study area. The difference of the lithology and the afflux of the tributaries also make a great influence on gradient index in a subbasin-scaled view.

RelativeAssessment of Green Space Ecosystem Service in Beijing Region

CUI Chaowei,XU Xuegong

2010, 46(2):  271-278. 

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The authors bring forward the concept of ideal forest equivalent, and takes it as the reference to measure green space service value. Base on GIS, the authors conduct relative assessment of green space ecosystem service in Beijing region (excluding central urban district) by inputting a series of data, such as remote sensing information, DEM, land use map, statistics and climate data. The assessment results are as follows: 1) The eco-service function amounts of Beijing green space is 555234 ideal forest equivalents, which correspond to cover 36. 38% of ideal forest in area; 2) Among the green space types, forest has the largest proportion of service functions, which is followed by wetland, garden and farmland; but the order of unit green space service functions are (from maj or to minor) : wetland, forest, garden, grass land, farmland and barren land; 3) Among the service functions, modulation is more than supply and culture service; 4) In view of the function distribution, from the urban function extended district, via the new districts of urban development, to the ecological preservation districts, the comprehensive evaluation value are gradually increased; 5) Compared to the ideal state, there are still more potential to improve and rise green space service functions in Beijing region. Finally, this paper put forward relevant countermeasures for ecosystem construction.

Non-destructive Phase Analysis of Song Dynasty Iron Coins by TOF Neutron Diffraction

HUANG Wei,Winfried Kockelmann,Evelyn Gordfrey,David A Scott,WU Xiaohong

2010, 46(2):  245-250. 

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Three ancient Chinese iron coins dating to the first half of the Song Dynasty ( 960-1279AD) unearthed from Shaanxi province are analyzed by time-of-flight neutron diffractionnon-destructively at the ISIS spallation neutron source of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK. A time-of-flight (TOF) neutron diffractometer GEM was used to measure the phase composition of metal matrix and corrosion products quantitatively, which reveals the iron coins consist of ferrite, cementite, Fe₃P and goethite. No texture was observed from the diffraction patterns of three coins. This work indicates that metal-working technology and deterioration of ancient Chinese iron artifacts can be revealed by TOF neutron diffraction non-destructively and quantitatively, which will be a powerful archaeometrical approach for studying Chinese cultural heritage in future.

Trends and Prediction of HCFC-22 Consumptions and Emissions in China

YANG Hong,ZHANG Jianbo,FENG Jinmin

2010, 46(2):  251-257. 

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This study investigated the consumptions of HCFC-22 from 1989 to 2007 in China according to the end-use data from HCFC-22 related sectors including air-conditioning, industrial and commercial refrigerant, foam and chemical sectors, and calculated the HCFC-22 emissions from the correspondent sectors by using the bottom-up approach. In line with the accelerating process of HCFCs phaseout schedule and the development plan of related sector in China, the consumptions and emissions of HCFC-22 were estimated for the next 20 year. These results can be used for China’s phaseout plan of HCHF-22.

Construction Fugitive PM₁₀Emission and Its Influences on Air Quality in Guiyang

ZHANG Wenting,WANG Xuesong,LIU Zhaorong,ZHANG Yuanhan,SHAO Min,CHENG Qun,WU Degang,IAN Wei

2010, 46(2):  258-264. 

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To study influences of construction fugitive in Guiyang, construction fugitive PM₁₀emission in 2002 was estimated based on an extensive survey of construction activities in Guiyang. The contribution of construction fugitive dust to ambient PM₁₀was simulated using the CALPUFF model, and the seasonal variation as well as influencing factors were addressed. The results show that fugitive PM₁₀emission from construction activities was up to 416 tons, accounting for 4% of all PM10 source emissions in the urban area of Guiyang. Construction fugitive dust showed great impact on the ambient PM₁₀level in Guiyang, and contributed 12% to the annual mean concentration of PM₁₀over the urban area. Significant seasonal variation of the contribution of construction fugitive dust was found due to the change of construction activities and meteorological conditions ( wind and precipitation).

Visible-Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B Using Perylene Diimide Sensitized TiO₂ Photocatalyst

ZHAO Fengwei,SHANG Jing,LI Jia

2010, 46(2):  293-297. 

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Dye-sensitized TiO₂ photocatalysts using perylene diimide( ab. TiO₂ /PTCDI ) and co-sensitized using Perylenediimide( PTCDI) and copper phthalocyanine ( CuPc) ( ab. ( TiO₂ / PTCDI) -CuPc) as sensitizing compound were prepared by hydrothermal method. The crystalline structure and surface properties of the samples were characterized by XRD, TEM and UV-Vis spectra. The photocatalytic degradation of RhB under visible light illumination was used as the model reaction to investigate the photocatalytic activities of dye-sensitized TiO2 samples. The results show that the photocatalytic activity of co-sensitized photocatalyst ( TiO₂ / PTCDI) -CuPc was higher than that of TiO₂ and TiO₂ / PTCDI, by the extent of 223% and 113% , respectively. According to the band theory, the electron transfer processes and photocatalytic degradation mechanism of TiO₂ /PTCDI and ( TiO₂ / PTCDI) -CuPc were explained.

Estimating the Collocation of Separated-Waste Containers in Demonstration Communities for Solid Waste Separation in Beijing

SUI Yumei,LI Zhenshan,QU Xiaoyan,YANG Lei

2010, 46(2):  265-270. 

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A method for estimating the collocation of separated-waste containers was proposed based on the conventional way of calculating waste containers. The method involved two procedures: to determine the theoretical demand of separated-waste containers; and to modify the theoretical demand of waste containers in terms of their configuration and the structure of various communities. The method was applied in Beijing to estimate the demand of separated-waste containers in six typical communities ( schools, residential area, office buildings, shopping centers, government offices, and hotels) at different separation rates. The result shows that for residents area, the configuration is recyclables: kitchen waste: others = 1 ∶1 ∶1 in all the separation rates; for schools, office buildings, shopping centers and government offices, when the separation rate is lower than 50% , the configuration is recyclables∶kitchen waste∶others = 1 ∶0 ∶1, and when the rate is higher than 50% , the proportion is 2 ∶1 ∶1; for hotels, the proportion changed greatly. The collocation number increases with the separation rate in schools, office buildings, shopping centers and government offices, while the changes in residents area and hotels are small.

Characteristics of Heavy Metals Discharge from Industrial Pollution Sources in Shenzhen

LIU Yongwei,MAO Xiaoling,SUN Liying,NI Jinren

2010, 46(2):  279-285. 

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Taking Shenzhen City as a case study, Equal Standard Pollution Load Index and Equal Standard Pollution Load per Product were used to analyze the characteristics of heavy metals discharge from industrial pollution sources, including pollutant species, temporal-spatial distribution, and industrial contribution. The comparison analysis between 1996 and 2007 was made to examine the characteristics of heavy metals discharged in the recent ten years. The results exhibit as follows: 1) The ranking of average heavy-metal equal standard pollution load was given in the order from large to small as Cr( Ⅵ) , Cd, Pb, Hg and As over the last decade. 2) The amount of heavy-metal discharge increased whereas the amount of heavy metals per product decreased from 1986 to 2007. 3) Compared with other administrative districts and river basins, Longgang District and Pingshan River Basin occupied the highest proportions of pollution load and pollution load per product in 1996, whereas Futian District and Shenzhen River Basin were the highest in 2007. 4) Electronic & Communicating Equipment Manufacturing( ECEM) Industry and Metal Product Manufacturing (MPM) Industry were the top two industries with the maximum pollution load and pollution load per product in 1996 and 2007. The results indicate that Cr( Ⅵ) is the priority pollutants and efforts should be fixed on the ECEM and MPM industry.

Urban Water Landscape Fragmentation and the Change of Ecological Values in Shenzhen

LIU Zhenhuan,WANG Yanglin,PENG Jian,LI You,WU Jiansheng

2010, 46(2):  286-292. 

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With the aid of theory of landscape ecology, analysis of traj ectories and assessment of ecosystem service, this paper takes the water body in Shenzhen as the research object, analyzing the dynamic process of water body fragment and the corresponding changes of the ecosystem service. The results show that: 1) the process of water body fragment is so clear that the shrink of water body is the main characteristic. During 2000 and 2006, rivers became segment and channelization, pond and wetland were shrinking. In addition, the processes of fragment are different between each kind of water body. 2) The endpoint of the trajectories of change of water is developed land, and the changing process from water to developed land impose the trend of fragmentation and shrinking. 3) Water fragmentation restricts the ecological service. The direct service value increases continuously, while the indirect service value decreases, which leads to the increase of the proportion of the direct service value.

Relationship between Urban Ecological Water Demand and Land Use Structure in Rapid Urbanization Area

YANG Pei,MAO Xiaoling,LI Tianhong

2010, 46(2):  298-306. 

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Land use changes seriously in the rapid urbanization area and could impact the urban ecosystem structure and function significantly, especially changing the characteristics of Urban Ecological Water Demand(UEWD). Based on the case study of Shenzhen, this paper analyzed the changes of SI (Index of Land use Structure Subject to UEWD) and EWI (Index of Urban Ecological Water Demand) in the period from 1988 to 2006. In order to know the relationship between UEWD and land-use change under different urbanization stages, the correlations between SI and EWI of inner and outside of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone ( SSEZ) from 1993 to 2003 were discussed respectively. The results show that 1) EWI and SI were significantly decreased with different spatial character; 2) because of the different urbanization process of inner and outside of SSEZ, the characteristics of EWI and SI changes are distinct; 3) the relationship between EWI and SI is significantly positive correlated when the regional urbanization rate is low, but the correlation no longer exist as the rate increased further.