This study constructs a classification system for sub-spaces of “Production-living-ecological” spaces (PLES) and an analysis framework for their evolution mechanisms from the perspective of refined management of territorial space. Zhangjiakou City serves as the case study area, where the identification, evolutionary characteristics, and driving mechanisms of PLES are carried out. The results show that the PLES in Zhangjiakou City can be divided into urban construction space, rural construction space, agricultural production space, grass space, forest space, water area space, and bare area space. From 1990 to 2020, except for bare area space, the spatial layout of each space is relatively stable, but they all experienced changes in quantity and space transformation, especially in agricultural production space, forest space, and grass space. The evolution of PLES in Zhangjiakou City is the result of the combined effects of human activities and geographical environments. Among them, human activities directly drive changes in the quantity and transformation of each space based on different human needs, while the geographical environment indirectly determines the spatial patterns of PLES evolution by influencing the location selection of human activities and plant growth.