Taking Shaanxi Province as an example, this paper uses the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method to evaluate and analyze the urban livability of 10 prefecture-level cities based on the “Five-in-One” general layout, and uses the principal component analysis method to study the key driving forces for improving the livability of cities in the region. The results show that Xi’an City has high livability and is quite different from other cities, but on the whole, there is still much room for improvement in the livability of each city. The livability of Shangluo, Ankang and Tongchuan cities has always been at a low level. The driving forces for improving urban livability in Shaanxi Province vary in different periods. From 2011 to 2015, key driving components are political, economic and social, and the key driving factors are public service level, economic development level, grassroots political service level, resource supply level, and industrial structure optimization level. From 2016 to 2020, the key driving components have changed to economic, cultural, social and ecological civilization, and the key driving factors are communication and cultural exchange environment, public service level, soil erosion control level, common prosperity level, sewage treatment efficiency, and opening-up level. The driving factor of public service level plays an important role in the improvement of urban livability in both periods.