滇中地区夏季城市热岛效应的数值模拟研究

doi:10.13209/j.0479-8023.2016.127

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了探究滇中地区不同城市化程度和湖泊下垫面对城市热岛效应的影响, 利用中尺度气象模式 WRF (the weather research and forecasting model)对昆明等城市的夏季城市热岛效应进行模拟研究。结果显示, 夏季夜间, 昆明等城市的热岛现象具有明显的下游效应, 城市的扩张使得城市热岛下游效应的影响范围扩大, 但热岛的强度不会明显地增强。城市的存在会增加地表的粗糙度, 使得夜间的近地面风速减小。在白天, 湖泊和城市下垫面主要通过改变局地的热力差异影响近地面的风速, 城市的存在会加强湖泊与陆地间的热力差异, 促进湖陆风环流, 进而加大近地面的风速。城市的存在还会减少下垫面对低层水汽的供应, 但城市面积的增加对低层水汽的影响相对较小。清晨, 城市地区表现为湿岛(湿度较周边地区略大), 这与城市地区的近地面辐合流场有关; 而在其他时段, 城市地区多为干岛(湿度比周边地区低), 且干岛现象也存在下游效应。

关键词: 城市热岛, 湖陆风, WRF模式, 滇中地区

Abstract:

In order to study the effect of urbanization and lakes on the urban heat island (UHI) effect of cities in Yunnan midland in summer, the weather research forecasting model (WRF) numerical model is used. The downwind urban heat island is found in these cities in the summer night. The expansion of city will expand the scope of the downwind urban heat island, but the intensity of the heat island would not be enhanced significantly. The presence of the city will change the surface roughness, resulting in the reduction of wind speed near the surface. In the daytime, lakes and the city influence surface wind speed by changing the local thermal difference. The existence of city increases the thermal difference between city and lake, which enhances both the lake-land breeze and the surface wind speed. The presence of city will reduce the supply of low-level moisture, but the impact of urban expansion on moisture is relatively small. In the early morning, the wet island exists in the city (humidity in city is slightly larger than the surrounding area), due to the convergence filled near surface. At other moments, the dry island exists in the city (humidity in city is smaller than the surrounding area), and has the downwind effect as well.

Key words: urban heat island, lake-land breeze, WRF model, Dianzhong region

中图分类号:

P404

郑亦佳, 刘树华, 何萍, 缪育聪, 王姝. 滇中地区夏季城市热岛效应的数值模拟研究[J]. 北京大学学报自然科学版, 2017, 53(4): 639-651.

Yijia ZHENG, Shuhua LIU, Ping HE, Yucong MIAO, Shu WANG. Numerical Study of Summertime Urban Heat Island in Dianzhong[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2017, 53(4): 639-651.

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链接本文: https://xbna.pku.edu.cn/CN/10.13209/j.0479-8023.2016.127

https://xbna.pku.edu.cn/CN/Y2017/V53/I4/639

图/表 11

表1 WRF模式模拟时间、模拟区域设置及参数化方案选择

Table 1 Run-time, domain configurations and physics options used in the WRF simulation

模式参数	参数设置
模拟时间	2010?08?09 06:00至2010?08?11 24:00
水平分辨率	27, 4.5, 1.5 km
水平格点数	150×130, 201×201, 202×151
土地利用类型数据	MODIS
微物理参数化方案	Thompson graupel方案
辐射参数化方案	RRTMG方案
积云对流参数化方案	Kain-Fritsch方案
边界层参数化方案	YSU方案
陆面过程参数化方案	Noah耦合UCM城市冠层陆面方案

图1 WRF模拟的区域设置

Fig. 1 Nested computational domains n the WRF model simulation

表2 敏感性模拟试验中土地利用类型设置

Table 2 Landuse in different WRF model simulation

模拟试验	土地利用类型
CTL	采用默认的MODIS地表利用类型数据
Nourb	将CTL试验中的城市下垫面改为农田
Urban	将CTL试验中的城市周边的农田改为城市
Nolake	将CTL试验中的湖泊改为农田

图2 各组试验模拟区域最内层(区域C)的土地利用类型

Fig. 2 Landuse of the innermost domain (domain C) in different WRF model simulation

图3 8月10—11日CTL试验模拟的2 m气温和10 m风速与观测值对比

Fig. 3 Comparison of observed and simulated values of 2 m temperature and 10 m wind speed from the CTL run during August 10?11

图4 模拟试验8月11日14:00和20:00的2 m温度差值场和10 m风场分布

Fig. 4 Distributions of the differences in 2 m temperature superposed on 10 m wind vectors rom CTL run at 14:00 and 20:00 LST on August 11

图5 模拟试验8月11日08:00, 20:00和21:00的2 m比湿差值场和10 m风场分布

Fig. 5 Distributions of the differences in 2 m specific humidity superposed on 10 m wind vectors rom CTL run at 08:00, 20:00 and 21:00 LST on August 11

图6 CTL试验与Nolake模拟试验的8月11日02:00和14:00的2 m温度和10 m风速差值场

Fig. 6 Difference distribution of 2 m temperature and 10 m wind vector for CTL minus Nolake at 02:00 nd 14:00 LST on August 11

图7 模拟试验的8月10日03:00东南?西北向剖面垂直速度及风矢量

Fig. 7 Distribution of vertical speed and wind vector in the southeast-northwest cross section simulated by different experiments at 03:00 LST on August 10

图8 模拟试验的8月11日16:00东南?西北向剖面垂直速度及风矢量

Fig. 8 Distribution of vertical speed and wind vector in the southeast-northwest cross ection simulated by different experiments at 16:00 LST on August 11

图9 模拟试验的8月10日03:00 ((a), (c)和(e))和11日16:00 ((b), (d)和(f))位于102.79°E, 24.92°N格点的风速、位温和相对湿度廓线

Fig. 9 Vertical profile of wind speed, potential temperature and relative humidity simulated by different experiments at 03:00 LST August 10 ((a), (c) and (e)) and 16:00 LST on August 11 ((b), (d) and (f))) on grid located at 102.79°E, 24.92°N

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