Table of Content

20 May 2008, Volume 44 Issue 3

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Numerical Simulation and Structure Analysis of Typhoon MATSA (0509)

GAO Fan,WANG Hongqing

2008, 44(3):  385-390. 

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The dynamical and thermodynamic characteristics of typhoon Matsa (0509) were analyzed in vertical circulation, vorticity, divergence and temperature/humidity structure, based on the successful simulation in terms of track, intensity and internal structure of Matsa by using the high resolution mesoscale model MM5.The results show that the obviously asymmetric distribution of cyclone low-level structure effectes the development of mesoscale systems and the precipitation. The modified non-geostrophic wet Q vector convergence centre and the positive vorticity filed on the 500hPa upper level is directly associated with the position of heavy rain caused by the typhoon.

Point Source Stacking Method to Compute Synthetic Seismogram of Finite Moving Planar Source

GE Zengxi,CHEN Xiaofei

2008, 44(3):  407-412. 

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The kinematical finite source is considered as stacking of dynamic point sources based on the dynamic independent principle. The stacking has two means, the stacking of the area of sources and the stacking of the kinematical process. Following this idea, the authors showe different discretizing method and rise time for different propagating models of the finite source. The stacking method is validated by comparing with analytical results. The relationship between the critical value and rise time, special distribution of stations, crack propagating velocity for a strike-slip fault in a two-layer earth model are further discussed. The analysis shows that to keep the precision of the synthetic seismograms, the critical areas vary with the rupture speed, frequency of the source time function and the position of the stations. The resultscan be a valuable reference fordiscritizing the planar element in strong ground motion simulation and near source inversion.

The Revision of the Personal Need for Structure Scale in Chinese

CHEN Yang,HUANG Yunhui,WANG Lei,SHI Junqi

2008, 44(3):  490-492. 

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The purpose was to revise the Chinese version of the Personal Need for Structure (PNS) Scale. The questionnaire was administered to 1042 participants. The item analysis showed that all of the 11 items met the psychometric criteria. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the Chinese version of PNS containing 11 items was composed of two dimensions, which remained the same structure as the original version. These two dimensions were desire for structure and response to lack of structure. The internal consistency reliability and the split-half reliability were all above 0.80. The test-retest reliability was 0.79. The results indicated that the scale has acceptable discriminant validity and convergent validity.

A Mathematical Model for the Parallelogram Method in Ratemaking

ZHANG Bo

2008, 44(3):  335-338. 

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A rigorous mathematical model for the well-known practical parallelogram method for insurance premium rate adjustment is set up.A modified parallelogram method and an even more general triangle method are presented，which can be seen as new tools for ratemaking.

A Case Study of Baroclinic Wave Packet in the Northern Hemisphere Summer Season

LONG Xiaoyu

2008, 44(3):  379-384. 

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Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and diagnosis of local kinetic energy and 3-dimensional quasi-geostrophic wave-activity fluxes,the author carried out a case study of baroclinic wave packets in the northern hemisphere summer season of 2002.The result indicates that the energy source of packet development is through baroclinic conversion,and dispersion term has little effect on wave packets;when wave packet turns into its attenuation period,the eastern and southern parts of wave packets become wave source in the vertical direction;the downward wave activity fluxes propagate into the cyclone in lower troposphere and helps maintain the cyclone.

Equipment Reliability Estimation under Different Experiment Periods and Environments

HE Shuyuan,ZHAO Yu,FANG Xiangzhong

2008, 44(3):  331-334. 

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Under different experiment periods and environments，the same equipment showsdifferent reliability.As the environment condition changes，the equipment reliability becomes a function of the environment，which is called a reliability curve.Given the estimation of the reliability curve，one can predict the equipment reliability for unknown environment. The log-normal data is discussed，the estimator is provided， the strong consistency is proved and simulation is used to show the estimator can be used in practice.

Ultraviolet Electroluminescence from In Doped n-ZnO Single-Nanowire/p+-Si Heterostructures

HUO Haibin,YANG Weiquan,DAI Lun,MA Renmin,QIN Guogang

2008, 44(3):  339-342. 

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The In doped n-ZnO nanowires (NWs) arrays were grown on In_0.1Ga_0.9N substrates via the chemical vapor deposition method.The electrical transport measurements on single n-ZnO NWs show that they have a resistivity (0.001 Ω cm) about 20 times lower than that of the n-ZnO NWs grown on GaN substrates via the same method.This result indicates that indium atoms from the In_0.1Ga_0.9N substrate may be doped into the ZnO NWs during the high-temperature synthesis process.The n-ZnO single NW (SNW)/p⁺-Si heterojunctions were fabricated and their electroluminescence properties were studied.The room-temperature electroluminescence spectra show a narrow 380 nm excitonic peak from ZnO SNW,and a broad emission band centeres at 700 nm,which originates from the luminescent centers located in the native SiO_x layer on the p+-Si substrate.

Applying TRMM-LIS Lightning Data to Numerical Model

LI Wanbiao,SONG Guoqiong,TONG Ke

2008, 44(3):  399-406. 

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A statistical relation between lighting image sensor (LIS) events and precipitation radar (PR) convection rainfall is obtained by using LIS and PR data on tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM). Convection rainfall retrieved from LIS data and other satellite data are continually assimilated into initial field of advanced regional prediction system (ARPS), and then the simulation results of meiyu front storm at Jianghuai Basin show that prediction of both storm center and rainfall density are improved.

Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube Using MnCl₂ as Catalytic Precursors by CVD

HUANG Xiaobing,GAO Hong,WEI Dapeng,CHEN Qing

2008, 44(3):  343-346. 

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Carbon nanotubes were synthesized through a chemical vapor deposition method using MnCl₂ as catalytic precursor. The products were characterized by electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The conditions for successful synthesis of carbon nanotubes were studied.

Design and Implementation of LDPC Decoder with High Throughput

QIAO Hua,GUAN Wu,DONG Mingke,XIANG Haige

2008, 44(3):  347-352. 

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The decoding algorithm is investigated and an improved architecture for the decoders is presented. The architecture makes variable nodes and check nodes work for two different code words at the same time. And the architecture is not only fit for full-parallel LDPC decoders but also fit for the semi-parallel decoders which are mostly used in the practical communication systems. Asemi-parallel LDPC decoder with code length equal to 1008bits is implemented based on this architecture on FPGA platform. Synthesize results show that the improved architecture can improve the efficiency of the logic cells. And the throughputs of information bits attain 45 Mbps which is twice of the throughputs of the decoder without the improved architecture.

Analysis of Transient Scattering by Dielectric Objects Using Time Domain Integral Equation Methods with Parallel Computing

ZHANG Guaihong,XIA Mingyao

2008, 44(3):  353-358. 

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A parallel approach for analysis of transient scattering by dielectric objects using time domain integral equation (TDIE) method is developed. It employs the time domain PMCHW integral equations with the RWG spatial basis functions and quadratic B-spline temporal basis functions. Parallel computation is implemented based on using the MPI communicator. Numerical examples show that the proposed scheme is stable and accurate. The results are found in good agreements with analytical or MoM solutions.

SSDC: A Split Data Cache Design for Sequential Access Intensive Applications

LIU Shu,GOU Xiaogang,QU Ning,LI Xianfeng,CHENG Xu

2008, 44(3):  359-369. 

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Caches are widely used to reduce the speed gap between processors and memories. However, the spatial locality of sequential data accesses existing in many popular applications is not well exploited by conventional data cache. In response to these problems, the Split Sequential Data Cache (SSDC) is proposed, in which the sequential access detector can predict whether data accesses are sequential, and direct them to the right sub cache. Experiments show that the SSDC outperforms the conventional data cache and other schemes. It reduces the miss rate of applications with intensive sequential data accesses with only a little increment of bandwidth requirement. Meanwhile, the experimental results on SPEC2000Int show that SSDC does not hurt the performance of applications without large sequential accesses.

A Numerical Simulation Study on Regional Climate Effect over Oasis Area

PAN Ying,LIU Shuhua

2008, 44(3):  370-378. 

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By extending Modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Scheme (MSPAS) to include an effective parameterization scheme of atmospheric radiation transfer, a two-dimensional model was built, which allows physically realistic simulation of modified land atmosphere interactions model (MLAIM) and relevant feedback mechanisms. After modification of parameterization schemes of soil water transfer,atmospheric surface layer turbulence transfer,and vegetation processes, the simulation results were validated by using observational data in HEIFE experiment.Results indicate that the modified MLAIM can simulate well physical processes in land atmosphere interactions.As a result, MLAIM can be used as an effective method to simulate land surface energy budget in oasis and desert,and to study the regional climate effect of oasis.The authors discussed the causes of oasis “cold island effect" and “wet island effect",and focused on oasis's influence on its surrounding desert.Results indicate that the water vapor transport from oasis to desert serves as the most important factor which affects the land surface energy budget in desert as well as the regional climate in oasis's surrounding areas.

Spectral Characteristics of Atmospheric Turbulence over Various Surface Conditions

LIU Mingxing,ZHANG Hongsheng,SONG Xingzhuo,KANG Ling,CHEN Jiayi

2008, 44(3):  391-398. 

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A comprehensive study of spectral characteristics of atmospheric turbulence over different surface conditions, including the Gobi desert, grassland, suburban and urban area, outskirts was carried out. The turbulent data were collected by the same personnel, sound instrumentation, turbulent data acquisition system and turbulent processing system. Results show that thelower frequency portion of temperature and humidity spectra reveals a flatter peak than that at the upper level of urban area. Spectra curves do not reveal a regular changing tendency according to their stability conditions, but converge to a very narrow bend in both the lower and higher frequency portions. The value of humidity spectra in low-frequency in Gobi is higher than that in other sites. The humidity characteristics are similar with temperature in humid regions.

The Comparison between Two Cognitive Map Externalization Methods：
A Case Study of Beijing

XUE Lulu,SHEN Si,LIU Yu,TIAN Yuan

2008, 44(3):  413-420. 

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At present, there are two dominant methods, multidimensional scaling (MDS) and sketch map, to externalize human's internal cognitive map. In order to study the similarities and distinctions between MDS configuration and sketch map, the authors conducted an experiment on Beijing residents by requesting a sketch of the region within Three Ring and meanwhile extracting distance estimates between eight landmarks. With preprocessing to eliminate errors, both results are adjusted to the same geographic coordination. Employing the bidimensional regression along with standard deviational ellipse, the authors compared the local and global distortions between two kinds of cognitive maps. It implies that the sketch map is more consistent with the real map, while distortion orientations of sketch map are similar to those of MDS configuration. Additionally, the authors provide advices for future usage of two methods.

The 3D Model and Dynamic Simulation of Volcanic Geological Scenery Based on 3DS MAX

LI Baishou,QIN Qiming,XING Lixin,YAO Yunjun,YE Xia

2008, 44(3):  421-428. 

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The signification of three-dimensional(3D) model and dynamic simulation in geological scenery is set forth. The shortcomings of the domestic and international application to qualitative geological modeling and simulation are described by using 3D geological modeling software. 3DS MAX multiple models and dynamical simulation tools are put forward. 3D model and dynamic simulation of genesisin geological scenery are done with qualitative， semi-quantitative and quantitative geological data. Based on the example of 3D model and dynamic simulation of genesis in geological scenery of Yitong National Volcanic geology park of Jilin province， the methods of the space-time information organization and coupling in geological scenery are introduced. At the same time， this paper presentsthe structures of the volcanic geological scenery model on big， middle and smallspatial scale during the 3D modeling, and the partition methods of time quantum are also clarified during the dynamic simulating. The relationship of spatial 3D visualization and temporal dynamic model is created. The authors analyzes the application， focus problem and development potential of qualitative and semi-quantitative model in geological scenery and geological evolvement dynamic simulation based on 3DS MAX.

Digital Bathymetry and Correction Model for Multi-Beam Bathymetric Sonar System

YU Jiacheng,SONG Chunlei,YAN Lei,CHEN Jiabin

2008, 44(3):  429-433. 

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A digital bathymetry model according to principle of multi-beam bathymetric sonar system is designed, and a correction method of water depth survey due to effect of angular beamwidth is given. Accordingly, terrain maps are constructed to mimic the realtime terrain. The model and correction are verified by using practical water depth data of certain seafloor. Simulation results show that the model is in accordance with theoretical analysis and practical situation, and the correction effect of water depth is obvious.

Application of Synchrotron X-Ray Tomographic Microscopy in the Research of Fossil Embryo Markuelia

PENG Fan,DONG Xiping

2008, 44(3):  447-451. 

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Virtual sectioning and 3D reconstruction for revealing the internal structures of the fossil embryo Markuelia are made by using the SRXTM method. Two types (left type and right type) of coiling patterns are recognized in Markuelia. The segmentation number ranges from 64 to 70. It is preliminarily proved that the circumoral spines of Markuelia develop earlier than posterior spines. The observed digestive tract is longer than previously described. Musculature forintrovert movement, or brain, is also probably preserved.

A Study on Risky Driving Behavior and Related Factors

ZHUANG Mingke,BAI Haifeng,XIE Xiaofei

2008, 44(3):  475-482. 

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This research analyzes the structure of risky driving behavior, the factors influencing this behavior, and correlations between risky driving behavior and traffic accident. The research comes at four factors by exploratory factor analysis, which are highway code violations，aggressive violations，general errors, and dangerous errors. In addition, the authors argue the correlations between driving experience, personality, risky driving attitude, driving skill and risky driving behavior.

Fuzzy Comprehensive Study on Seismic Landslide Hazard Based on GIS

CHEN Xiaoli,QI Shengwen,YE Hong

2008, 44(3):  434-438. 

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The formation of the seismic landslide is complex, and factors influencing the seismic landslide are multitudinous. Meantime, the influence of different factor is different. In the previous study, the choice of importance of the factors is often subjective. Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to decide the importance of each factor, which overcomes the subjective ingredient, applies fuzzy method into studying the regional hazard of seismic landslide, combines with GIS and then depicts the seismic landslide hazard map.

Tectonic Subsidence of the Major Cenozoic Basins along the Yingkou-Weifang Fault Zone and Its Response to the Neighbouring Plate Movement

DENG Rongjing,XU Bei,QI Jiafu,HAO Lihua,ZHANG You

2008, 44(3):  439-446. 

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Yingkou-Weifang fault zone is a part of central segments of Tanlu fault zone, along which several Cenozoic basins, such as Weibei, Laizhouwan, Huanghekou, Bozhong, Bodong, Liaodong, Liaozhongare developed. Tectonic subsidence calculation and mapping demonstrate that there are four types of tectonic subsidence curve, each corresponding to different basin style. Tectonic subsidence rate along the fault zone indicates itsmovement migrated from the two ends to the central. The convergence rates and their directions of Pacific plate and India plate towarding Eurasian plate dominate the tectonic evolution and its average tectonic subsidence change. Bohaiwan Cenozoic basin is a superimposed basin of pull-apart basin and an active extension basin.

Prediction of Land Cover Change Based on the Patch-Dynamics Model：
A Case Study of Beijing

XIE Zhenglei,XU Xuegong,SUN Qiang

2008, 44(3):  452-458. 

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The model of Patch-dynamics was applied to simulate the land cover based on land change data. The results indicated that the percentage of arable land in total area will continue to descend while urban construction and forest land will ascend along time. The model of Patch-dynamics is better than traditional simple dynamics model in that it takes into a account the change process of simulation's object and interaction of different land use type. Compared with actual condition in 2001, the difference between the results of Patch-dynamics model and actual condition lies between 0 and 0.05 and has small difference for little percentage of land use type. The result makesclear that the model of Patch-dynamics can simulate the change condition of future scene. However, the model of Patch-dynamics can only apply to ten-year scale of land use change. The longer the simulation period, the more the simulation relative error. The conflict of land use should be harmonized, the urban green space should also be maintained, and some suggestions about land use and urban green space have been carried out.

Chemical Characters and Sources Identification of PM_10 in Guangzhou Area

CUI Mingming,WANG Xuesong,SU Hang,ZHANG Yuanhang

2008, 44(3):  459-466. 

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PM₁₀ samples were collected from seven sites in Gua ngzhou area and associated chemical species including seventeen elements(Na, Mg,Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Ba, and Pb), five water solub le ions(SO_４^2-, NO_３^-, F^-，Cl^- and NH₄⁺) ,and organic an d elemental carbons were a nalyzed. This paper discusses chemical characters, the changes of PM₁₀ and maincomponents under different meteorological conditions, and also sources identification of PM₁₀ by principal factor analysis. The results indicated that the averagePM₁₀ concentration was 125.8μg/m³ and organic matter, sulfate and crustal dustwere maj or components with proportions of 24%-32% ,17%-21% and 10%-12%, respective ly in the seven sites. Principal factor analysis indicated that soil dust, oil burning, industry source(including metallurgy, chemistry and electric industry), coalburning, secondary source (by photochemical reaction) and biomass burning were t he main sources of PM₁₀, accounting for 20.7%, 17.8%, 16.3%, 14.3%, 10.4%, and 6.3%, respectively of the total variance in the data set.

Research on Spatial Function Diversity of Metropolitan Economic Regions Based on “Industries & Population" Agglomeration Analysis:
Illustrations from Chinese “Three Large Metropolitan Economic Regions"

DU YuFAN Jie

2008, 44(3):  467-474. 

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Spatial Function Divergence of Metropolitan economic region is driven by agglomeration of industries and population. This paper computes the Local Specialization Indices and Theil Indices based on Prefecture-Level Spatial Cell in three large mature Metropolitan Economic Areas in China. Theil Indices are further decomposed into inter-cities and intra-cities parts to make out the trends of agglomeration of industries. Results show that Core-cities are to be comprehensived and Periphery ones are to be specialized. Therefore, spatial function divergence of Metropolitan Economic Region explicitly come along. The rational spatial development strategies of metropolitan economic regions need to identify the the divergence of spatial function and classify the implementation of the spatial macro policies in order to realize the harmonious spatial development.

Recurrence Quantification Analysis for Geographical Differences of the Coupling Relationship between NDVI and Climatic Factors

LI Shuangcheng,LIU Fengyuan,DAI Erfu,WU Shaohong

2008, 44(3):  483-489. 

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Recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) and cross recurrence plot (CRP) are used to analyze the relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and climatic factors in the Southwest and Southeast Monsoon Regions in Yunnan longitudinal range-gorge region (LRGR). Results show that in the Southwest Monsoon Region the NDVI series has a higher certainty than that in the Southeast Monsoon Region. The coupling relationships of NDVI series in the two regions are between a completely random series and a deterministic series with noise. The two NDVI series have low synchronization in general, especially in the period 1987?1989 and 1991?1993. The NDVI series of the Southwest Monsoon Region lags behind that of the Southeast Monsoon Region. According to the CRP indices, the similarity, persistence time and stability of the coupling relationship between NDVI and precipitation series in the Southwest Monsoon Region are better than that of the Southeast Monsoon Region. Both the NDVI series and temperature series have similar trends. However, the difference of the CRP indices between the two regions is smaller. It is suggested that the interaction pattern of NDVI and temperatures has a smaller difference between the two regions.

The Consideration on Several Defects of Ecological Footprint Theory and Methodology

BAI Yu,ZENG Hui,WEI Jianbing

2008, 44(3):  493-500. 

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On the basis of the previous studies, six key issues can be identified which are static state of the model, shortage of the flexibility of parameter choice, ignoring of the influence that socioeconomic factors give to the productivity of lands, unilateralism of the ecological accounting, weakness of sustainability assessments and overlooking the complexity of land quality or function. Furthermore, the authors point out another kind of defect that there is a conceptual shortage in original trade-correct method and suggest a series of methods to adjust ecological footprint model, then analyze the feasibility of these methods and discuss the challengeso as to perfect the ecological footprint theory and methodology.