Table of Content

20 March 2005, Volume 41 Issue 2

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Tests for VAP Algorithm of Retrieving Wind from Single Doppler Radar Data

LIU Shuyuan,LIU Liping,ZHENG Yongguang,TAO Zuyu

2005, 41(2):  163-171. 

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Tests were presented for detecting the reliability of meso-β scale (20～200km)wind field retrieved from single Doppler radar by VAP (Velocity Azimuth Process) algorithm using the data observed by dual Doppler radar. The analysis of the assumption of homogeneous regional wind showed that the resolution of wind field retrieved by VAP algorithm could meet the requirement of analyzing the meso-β scale weather system. The tests with different kinds of methods showed that the wind field retrieved by VAP algorithm could get the structure of meso-β scale wind field correctly, and could be used to analyze the meso-β scale wind field.

Analytical Solutions of Monin-Obukhov Length for Stable Surface Layer

GUO Xiaofeng,CAI Xuhui,XIN Guojun

2005, 41(2):  172-179. 

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The iterative algorithm for calculating the Monin-Obukhov (M-O) length in the aerodynamic method is transformed into the problem of finding the fixed points of a one-dimension mapping in nonlinear theory. By adopting the nondimensional functions of the profile-flux relationships summarized by Dyer, the analytical solution of M-O length is derived for the stable surface layer, which is applicable to Richardson number (Ri) less than 0.2. The consistence between analytical and iterative solutions is validated through the computations of 4 calculation cases for the stable surface layer in typical summer and winter time. According to the theory of fixed-point stability in nonlinear sciences, the convergence property is discussed. It is concluded that the analytical solutions can be figured out by iteration in principle, though iterative solutions exhibit significant errors when Ri approaches 0.2.

Characteristics of Micro-Meteorology in the Surface Layer over Tibetan Plateau Area

PENG Yan,

2005, 41(2):  180-190. 

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Through the meteorological data obtained in Gerze, Damxung and Qamdo sites over Tibetan Plateau area during the IOP (intensive observation period) of TIPEX (the second Tibetan Plateau Experiment) from May to July, the characteristics of the diurnal variations and the vertical profiles of the wind speed, temperature and humidity are investigated. The aerodynamics parameter and the characteristics of the land surface temperature over the Tibetan Plateau area are showed. The moisture inversion phenomena and the characteristics of the turbulence flux in the surface layer are also discussed.

Reservoir Capacity of Cambrian Carbonate of Foreslope Facies in Danzhai and Sandu, Eastern Guizhou

ZHANG Xiulian

2005, 41(2):  191-203. 

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Algae-rich carbonate of Cambrian is typical sediment of foreslope facies in Sandu and Danzhai, eastern Guizhou province. After sediment, it experiences many changes of diagenetic environment, and takes place much diagenetic altercation, among which the biggest is salt water dolomilization, and then is compaction, recrystallization, pressure solution, organic dissolution, burial dolomilization, cementation and silicification. Diagenesis not only can change mineral composition, fabric component, and texture, etc., but more important it can change the reservoir capability greatly, that is, it can build up, or reduce, or enlarge original pores, and even form a series of diagenetic crack. Those secondary pores and cracks are important to improve reservoir capability, especially for carbonate. Deep dissolution is the important diagenesis for forming pores because of its fast buried rate and good preservation of organic matter. The difference is that deep dissolution is strong and fills large amount of bitumen in the section of Danzhai, which shows they are pores when the oil and gas assembled; but pores are comparatively less in the section of Sandu. To sum up, the algae-rich carbonate of foreslope facies can form all kinds of bitumen-associated dissolved pores after experiencing burial dissolution, so it can have good capability of bearing oil and gas.

Rb-Sr Age and Geological Implication of the Alxa Alkaline-Rich Intrusive Rocks, Western Inner Mongolia

REN Kangxu,

2005, 41(2):  204-211. 

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Rb-Sr isochronal ages and chemical data are reported for the Alxa alkaline-rich intrusive rocks, western Inner Mongolia, China. These alkaline-rich intrusive rocks have elevated contents of total alkali w(K₂O+Na2O) with an average of 12.70%. They are consisting mainly of K-feldspar, quartz, plagioclase, biotite and/or amphibole. Rb-Sr whole rock-minerals ages determination indicates that the isochronal ages are(250±18) Ma and (213.0±9.8) Ma for Suhaitu and Wenduerhao intrusion, respectively. The dated isotopic ages demonstrate that the Alxa alkaline-rich intrusive rocks belong to Indosinian alkaline magma activity. The similarities and differences of the alkaline-rich intrusive rocks distributed in the Alxa Fault Block and those distributed along the northern margin of the North China Block and the Tarim Block are compared and discussed. The authors deduce that during late Palaeozoic-Indosinian period, the Alxa Fault Block and the North China Block may be located in the same geodynamic system, but the Tarim Block may be located in a different geodynamic system.

The Significance of Discovery of Early Cretaceous Shoshonite in Central Inner Mongolia

ZHANG Shuangtao,

2005, 41(2):  212-218. 

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A suit of highly potassic basalt bearing deep-source xenoliths has been discovered recently in the Siziwangqi area, Inner Mongolia. The host rock shows black and compact structure, characterized by alkaline-rich(w(K₂O)+w(Na₂O)>5%), high K (w(K₂O) 2.5%～3.19%) and high Ti (TiO₂ 2.03%～2.71%). The whole rock K-Ar isotopic age is early Cretaceous. After the close of petro-asian ocean, the North China Craton(NCC) has experienced intensive intra-continental contraction and extension. In the late early Cretaceous ,the NCC turned into contraction stage again by the influence of the subduction of Pacific plate and Indian plate. Siziwangqi area is on the joint of NCC and Siberia. The discovery of the shoshonite is important to research Mesozoic tectonic and deep-inside substance evolution of the NCC.

Comparative Histology of the Earliest Euconodont

GUO Wei,

2005, 41(2):  219-224. 

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The hypothesis that conodonts are vertebrates has been supported by the evidence of the microstructural, topological and developmental homology of hard tissues between conodonts and vertebrates. However, this conclusion was based on the evidence from some highly derived euconodont taxa; the degree of their plesimophic to basal euconodonts still remains in question. By employing the oil-immension techniques, the authors observed tubular and atubular (parallel-and wavy-lamellar) dentine in the basal bodies of the most primitive euconodont Proconodontus tenuiserratus Miller, 1980 and Proconodontus muelleri Miller, 1969, respectively. The tubular dentine is also recognized from Granatodontus ani (Wang, 1985). Because these data represent the earliest euconodonts, these new histological data can be treated as the plesiomorphic feature of the basal euconodonts, strongly supporting that euconodonts have tight affinity with vertebrates.

Genetic Algorithm-Finite Element Inversion of Topographic Spreading Forces and Drag Forces of Lower Crust to Upper Crust in Tibetan Plateau

ZHU Shoubiao,

2005, 41(2):  225-234. 

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Based on the data of focal mechanism, the boundary forces, topographic spreading forces and shear forces applied beneath the upper crust are inversed by pseudo-3D genetic algorithm finite element method (GA-FEM) in Tibetan Plateau (72°E-105°E，25°N-41°N). The inversion method of topographic spreading forces is analyzed, and reliable result is obtained. The result shows that the collision between India and Eurasia plates plays a dominant role in forming the stress field in Tibetan Plateau, basal drag forces applied by the lower crust to the upper crust and topographic spreading forces on the margin of Tibetan plateau are also significant factors in forming the stress field. However, significant shear forces are not found beneath the area in Tarim and Qaidam basins. The model displacements inversed from stress field agree with present displacements measured by GPS, showing the result is reasonable, and the present tectonic movement reflected by GPS inherits the long period trend of geological movements.

The Discovery and Origin of the Round Columnar Joints in the Basic Dyke Swarms

HOU Guiting,

2005, 41(2):  235-239. 

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A rare kind of primary round columnar joints is developed in the basic dyke swarms in the western Shandong，which is made of the radial joints and the round columnar joints with same axis vertical to the strike of the dyke, arranged one by one along the strike of the dyke. The round columnar joints are one of the flow structures showing the horozontal emplacement of basic dyke swarms. The round columnar joints show that the basic dyke has rheological behaviour of the viscous shearing in magma emplacement. Usually the dip of the axis of round columnar joints vertical to the dyke boundary shows the dip of the dyke and the tilting of the block with the dyke. The round columnar joints show that the dyke swarms are in upper crust brittle tectonic setting, and the western Shandong block is brittle extensional in the Mesoproterozoic time.

Genesis of Reticulate Clay in the Laterite of the Dongting Basin

LAI Hongzhou,MO Duowen,LI Xinpo

2005, 41(2):  240-248. 

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The authors studied the characteristics of element geochemistry, mineral assemblage and microtexture of the white reticulate clay in the Quaternary laterite of the Dongting Basin with some experimental analysis methods, such as chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, IR and SEM analysis. The genesis of the vermiculate reticulate clay and the rhizomatic reticulate clay in the Quaternary laterite of the Dongting Basin are discussed. The formation of crannies or holes in the soil and the transference of soil elements are absolutely necessary conditions to form the white reticulate clay in laterite. The formation of crannies of the vermiculate reticulate clay results from the stratigraphical pressure and the seasonal fluctuating of the groundwater level. The formation of holes of the rhizomatic reticulate clay results from the decomposition of the botanic roots. The intense eluviation and weathering of soil with groundwater and run-off result in the enhancing of capacity of transference of some elements, such as Si, Al, Fe, Mn. The chemical reactions of the colloid particles in the soil water make those crannies or holes filled by some epigenetic clay minerals and quartz. Then a great deal of white reticulate clay comes into being in the Quaternary laterite of the Dongting Basin.

The Definition of the Geological Heritage in China

ZHANG Chengyu

2005, 41(2):  249-257. 

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In the recent years, UNESCO shows its new trend for the application of the world natural heritages, that is the geological value and ecological value of a heritage are strengthened much more than before. China has a striking diversity in the geological and geomorphological types, and so it is significant for the application for the world heritage to set up the concept of geological heritage and strengthen its research. The concept of geological heritage is drawn based on the related conceptions of natural heritages, geological sites, and geoparks. Thinking of that many cultural heritages in China directly depend on the geological basis also with higher geological value, the paper still clearly brings forward the concept of cultural heritage with geological basis, and treats them as a special kind of geological heritage.

Modeling Self-Organized Network of Cities Based on the Urban Triangular Lattice Model

CHEN Yanguang,HOU Yixing

2005, 41(2):  258-264. 

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An exclusively mathematical approach is proposed to address the scale-free property of selforganized networks of cities. Defining a spatial correlation function based on the triangular lattice model of cities stemming from central place networks, a scaling relationship is established between yardstick (r) and city-city correlation density (C(r)) such as C(r)∝r^D, where D is the scaling factor. The scaling factor is in fact the spatial correlation dimension if only 1≤D≤2. A self-organized network of cities is regarded as scale-free system provided there exists a linear range on the logr-logC(r) plot. The Henan cities of China are taken as an example to show how to fit the observed data to the correlation function for calculating the scaling factor, and to illustrate the process of spatial complication of urban evolution. The results indicate that urban systems and the traffic networks based on urban systems are scale-free networks, and the network of cities can be characterized with the power-law of yardstick and correlation density relation.

GIS-Based Analysis on Spatio-Temporal Change of Groundwater Level in the Hebei Plain

XU Yueqing,CAI Yunlong

2005, 41(2):  265-272. 

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Based on the data of the depth to groundwater table below land surface with observational wells in 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000 of the Hebei Plain, adopting GIS technic and Kriging interpolation method, this paper analyzes the spatio-temporal change of groundwater level in the past 25 years in Hebei Plain. The depth to shallow groundwater table below land surface has fallen 10.2m during 1975--2000 and the annual average decline of groundwater table was 0.41m. The annual average decline rate of groundwater table during 1980--1985 and 1990--1995 was the largest, with 0.7m/a and 0.74m/a respectively. The depth to deep groundwater table below land surface has fallen 30.2m in the past 25 years and the annual average decline of groundwater table was 1.21m. The annual average decline rate during 1980--1985 was the largest, with 1.83m/a. The shallow groundwater table and the decline rate decrease from the Piedmont Plain to the Coastal Plain, while the deep groundwater level and decline rate increase from the Piedmont Plain to the Coastal Plain. The decrease of precipitation and surface water and over-exploitation are the main reasons that result in groundwater level decline.

Analysis on Ecological Security Changes of the Oases in the Middle and Lower Heiher River

DU Qiaoling,

2005, 41(2):  273-281. 

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On the basis of assessing the ecological security for the five oases of the middle and lower Heiher River in the middle 1980s and at the beginning of 2000s, the paper analyzes the ecological security change of these oases. The integrated assessing results of the oases ecological security are reduced from the middle to the lower reaches of Heiher River in the middle 1980s and at the present. The present state of ecological security declines more than that of 1980s. The dropping range also increases from the middle to the lower reaches. Compared with those of 1980s, water security and land security drop obviously, but social economic security rises a little within the three subsystems. Under the background of macroscopical climate change, the cultivated land increases and oasis area enlargement in the middle reaches makes more imbalance between supply and demand of water resource, which has caused certain negative effect on the ecological environment of the oasis in lower reaches. And it is the very important reason that causes the oasis in the lower reaches diminishing, the oasis systematic area of the whole basin atrophying, and the stability declining. In order to realize the ecological security and sustainable development of the Heiher basin, it must strengthen allocation of the water resource in the whole basin and make basin comprehensive management.

Paleoenvironment Changes Since Mid-Holocene Revealed by a Palynological Sequence from Sihenan Profile in Luoyang, Henan Province

SUN Xiongwei,XIA Zhengkai

2005, 41(2):  289-294. 

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The high resolution palynological records from Sihenan profile reveal that the non-arboreal pollen is the most important part of the pollen assemblage in Luoyang, Henan province within the last 7.000 aBP. The non-arboreal pollen mainly includes Artemisia, Gramineae and Chinopodiaceae. The arboreal pollen is sparse and mainly consists of Pinus. Five pollen assemblage zones are established through the stratigraphical changes of the pollen. 5.625--6.120 aBP interval is the best period in Holocene with a warm and wet climate. The profile includes two major cold peaks at 4.580--5.275 aBP and 6.120--6.375 aBP. The centennial-scale climate instability is obvious, which exists even in Holocene Optimum.

Thermo-Lability of Nitrifying Activity in Biological Aerated Filter

XIE Shuguang,

2005, 41(2):  282-288. 

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The effect of temperature on nitrification in a two-stage BAF system used for the treatment of ammonia-rich river water was investigated. The rapid increase of water temperature in spring induced a decrease of the ammonia removal efficiency. However, when the water temperatures were equal to or above 5℃, there was no sign of adverse effect of temperature rise on nitrification. The short-term temperature effects on the activity of nitrifying biofilm acclimated to very cold temperature (about 0.5℃) and to moderate temperature (15℃) were also investigated. The results indicated the former activity was seriously affected by the increase of temperature, but the latter activity was not thermo-labile. The cold-adapted response should be seriously considered to model the temperature effect on nitrification in a BAF system. Temperature effect on nitrification became more profound at lower temperature.

An Approach to Paleoclimate-Reconstruction by Clay Minerals

CHEN Tao,WANG Hejin,ZHANG Zuqing,WANG Huan

2005, 41(2):  309-316. 

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Clay minerals are widely applied in reconstructing paleoclimate, and many analysis methods are involved. Among them the X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD) is mainly used to confirm clay mineral assemblages and their crystallinity; chemical analysis and electronic microscope are used to study the source, the genesis and the evolvement process of clay minerals; radioactive isotopes analysis can make up the relationship between the time and space which is based on the climate index and the chronology; Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes also provide important evidence for reconstructing paleoclimate. This paper summarizes what paleoclimate information is contained in clay minerals, and it is intent to use clay minerals synthetically as the means to reconstruct paleoclimate.

Review of Environmental Archaeology

YANG Xiaoyan,

2005, 41(2):  329-334. 

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School of New Archaeology was formed in 1960's. New Archaeology greatly emphasized the influence of the ecological environment on the human living conditions, resulting in the emergence of many new technologies and branches of archaeology. One of the branches is environmental archaeology. Environmental archaeology development experienced three stages, linear model, early systematic model and later systematic model. Four research areas, are formed gradually including geoarchaeology, archaeobotany, zooarchaeology and bioarchaeology. Now, the method of environmental archaeology research in China urgently needs to be improved.

Integrated Landscape Ecology Evaluation Based on RS/GIS of Three-Gorge Area

MENG Jijun,

2005, 41(2):  295-302. 

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Based on RS and GIS techniques, a integrated evaluation model of eco-environment quality is developed according to Landsat TM images, NOAA/AVHRR data, DEM and eco-environment background of moisture and temperature. Seven indices are selected in the model. They are accumulated temperature greater than 0℃，annual precipitation, altitude, slope, soil erosion, land use and vegetation index. Based on these,the author evaluates the eco-environment quality of Three-Gorges area,which is an ecological fragile region. The results show that (1) the eco-environment quality of Three-Gorges area is not quite good. The eco-environment quality at third,fourth and fifth grade occupies 74.54% of the total area. (2) The horizontal distribution of the eco-environment quality presentes evident regional differences. The eco-environment quality is the best at the end of the reservoir area. That in the beginning of the reservoir area takes the second place and in the middle of the reservoir area,the eco-environment quality is the worst. As far as the administration is concerned, the eco-environment of Yichang City, Changshou County,Chongqing City, Jiangjin County and Yichang County is good. While in Wuxi County, Yunyang County, Fengjie County, Shizhu County, Kai Couty, Wulong County,Wushan County and Wanzhou,the eco-environment is relatively bad. (3) The vertical differences of eco-environment quality are evident. The topography symbolized by slope is the main reason of causing these differences. The eco-environment quality is the worst in the region of middle altitude (500-2000m), which is mainly at fifth and sixth grade. While, in the region of low altitude (＜200m), the eco-environment quality is the best. The quality at fifth grade occupies less than 1% of the total area. In the region of high altitude (＞2000m),though there are not many impacts of human, the steep terrain makes the eco-environment below fourth grade occupied 27% of the total area.

The Expression of Implicit Facial Attractiveness Bias in Recruiting Context

YUAN Huijuan,ZHANG Zhiyong

2005, 41(2):  303-308. 

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People would express their implicit prejudice under certain conditions. The present research examined the implicit facial attractiveness bias in personnel selection context. A 2（non-prejudice credential）×2（gender）×2（self-appraisal of facial-attractiveness）design was used. The result showed that participants who selected the non-attractive job candidate in the first task (then established their non-prejudice credentials) were more willing to express attitudes that could be viewed as prejudiced in the next task. And the expressions of these attitudes were influenced by participants' gender and self-appraisal of facial-attractiveness.

Using Contingent Valuation Method to Value Environmental Resources: A Review

ZHANG Yin,

2005, 41(2):  317-328. 

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Contingent valuation method (CVM) is a kind of stated preference (SP) approaches which employs a hypothetical market to extract WTP or WTA for environmental goods. CVM has become one of the most widely used non-market valuation techniques due to its ability and flexibility to estimate total value, including non-use value. Based on a general review, the paper summarizes the main problems and controversies concerning CVM, namely, the involvement of non-use value into cost-benefit analysis, and validity and reliability of the results. According to the turning point in CVM studies after 1993, tests of validity and reliability are specially illustrated. A concluding remark is then presented and further study areas put it forward. It is believed that even in developing countries like China, CVM is still a promising method to value environmental goods, on the premise of extremely careful and proper conduction of the survey including questionnaire design, survey administration and data processing.