Table of Content

20 January 1998, Volume 34 Issue 1

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Phytolith Evidence for Rice Cultivation during Prehistoric Periods at Baligang Site of Baizhuang, Dengzhou City, Henan Province

JIANG Qinhua,ZHANG Jiangkai

1998, 34(1):  66-71. 

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Baligang site is located in Baizhuang village of Dengzhou City, Henan Province of central China. This area is located in the northern margin of the northern subtropical zone. Geomorphologically, this area is inside the Nanyang Basin, with elevations generally 100 to 140 m a.s.l. The local river system belongs to the Yangtze drainage to the south. The climate is warm to temperate, with clear seasons. The site was excavated in 1992 and 1994. Sampling was made in October 1994 by the authors. The cultures of the site include (1) Mid-Late Yangshao Culture period (about 6000-4800 BP), and (2) Shijiahe Culture period (4800-4000 BP).Phytolith research at Baligang site was conducted as part of the Baligang archaeological project, directed by ZHANG Jiangkai of Peking University. One of the major issues in the archaeology of Neolithic periods in the Central China is the elucidation of the agricultural economy. This depends on reconstruction of plant exploitation patterns. Since macrobotanical remains are few or even lacking, thus phytolith analysis is considered an important technique for detecting the ancient agriculture. Pollen and phytolith analyses of the 15 samples collected from the site indicate that the paleovegetation was dominated by Castanopsis, Quercus, Salix, Juglans and Pinus, and the paleoclimate was generally warm and wet (subtropical climate), even though there were small climatic fluctuations. In the phytolith assemblages, there are three distinct morpho-types that, when combined together, are diagnostic of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa). The three morpho-types are (a) typical fan-shaped bulliform phytoliths from rice leaf, (b) scooped bilobates arranged parallel to each other along the veins of leaf, and (c) silicified epidermis from rice glume. All the three-morpho types are found in the site, with the former two being more abundant, and their abundance increases upward from the Yangshao period to the Shijiahe period. This indicates that rice agriculture was practised in a gradually increasing scale from the Yangshao to the Shijiahe period.

Development of Subcracks around Compound Fractures in Rock Specimens

ZHAO Yonghong,LIANG Haihua

1998, 34(1):  80-87. 

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This paper gives the real-time SEM observation of subcracks' characteristics and their development with loading around en echelon fractures in uniaxially compressed marble plate specimen. The influences of the length of fracture, amount of separation and overlap between the prefabricated en echelon fractures on the subcracks' development are analysed based on phorographs taken during the experiment. The result shows that the interaction between en echelon fractures becomes stronger with less amount of separation. When the amount of separation is less than the fracture length, the number of the subcracks in between area of en echelon fractures will increase with the overlap between the fractures, corresponding to a certain amount of separation. Finally, the test results are compared with the special-temporal development of ground water anomaly and earthquake series before Haicheng earthquake.

Geochemistry and Geological Significance of the Mid-Jurassic Volcanic Rocks in Dunhuang Basin

ZHANG Zhicheng,GUO Zhaojie,HAN Zuozhen

1998, 34(1):  72-79. 

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There are 3-4 layers of volcanic rocks in Mid Jurassic sections at Tuoge, Duobagou and Lucaogou in Dunhuang basin between Xinjiang and Gansu, China. The volcanic rocks are composed of alkaline basalt within plate. The characteristics of trace element and Rare Earth Element(REE) of the Volcanic rocks indicate that it is similar to the alkaline basalt of the typical continental rift. According to the regional and basin analysis, the volcanic rocks were controlled by the same normal fault. From the lower to upper, the contents of the SiO₂ increase; and athe total REE increase from 0.00036093 to 0.00053349. This evolution is associated with crystallization differentiation. The total REE, La/Yb, (Ce/Yb)_cn and Sm/Nd are increased regularly from Tuoge To Lucaogou. The increase indicates that the thickness of the crust becomes thinner from Tuoge to Lucaogou.

A Note on LIL for Random Subsequences

ZHANG Bo

1998, 34(1):  1-4. 

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This note is to give the LIL for sequences of random variables with random indices, which improves the results of Torrang I.

On a Theorem of Hayman

CHUANG Chitai

1998, 34(1):  5-9. 

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The purpose of this paper is to give a new proof of the well known inequality of Hayman: T(r, f)<=(2+(1/l))N(r, 1/f)+(2+(2/l))N(r, 1/(f^(l)-1))+S(r,f), by a method which in some respects simplifies that of Hayman.

Attribute Hierarchical Model--A New Method of Unstructured Decision Making

CHENG Qiansheng

1998, 34(1):  10-14. 

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In this paper, attribute hierarchical model(AHM), a method of unstructured decision making, is presented. Based on attribute measure, the concepts of related attribute measure and attribute judgment matrix are presented. Related weights and synthetic weights can easily be obtained from attribute judgment matrix. The example shows that attribute hierarchical model is simple and efficient.

Stress Functions in Two-Dimensional, Three-Dimensional and N-Dimensional Elasticity

YIN Huiming,WANG Minzhong

1998, 34(1):  21-26. 

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Two-dimensional, three-dimensional and n-dimensional stress functions are derived by a unified method. Because it is constructive, the completeness of these functions, embodied in the course of derivation, is selfevident.

The Applied Study on Retrievals of Precipitable Water from the GMS-5 "Split Window"

LI Chengcai,ZHU Yuanjing

1998, 34(1):  33-39. 

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Based on the radiation transfer equation and a optimized retrieval method proposed by Dennis Chesters et al., this paper describes the general formula of retrieving precipitable water(PW) by the different absorption in the split channel. The feasibility of using radiosonde observations or ground based water vapor radiometer to calibrate the absorption coefficients is researched, and the field of PW is retrieved with the coefficients.

The Ramsey Numbers R(K₃, K_q-e)

WANG Qingxian,WANG Gongben,YAN Shuda

1998, 34(1):  15-20. 

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The Ramsey number n=R(G,H) has been defined as the minimum n such that every 2-coloring (red and green) of the edges of the complete graph K_n has a red subgraph G, or a green subgraph H.By constructing cyclic colorings systematically with the help of a microcomputer, it is proved that
R(K₃,K₁₁-e)>=42, R(K₃,K₁₃-e)>=54,
R(K₃,K₁₄-e)>=59, R(K₃,K₁₅-e)>=69.

The Multi-Parameter Deformations of the Shape Invariant Potentials with Parameters Related by Translation

QIAN Shangwu,GU Zhiyu,XIE Guoqiang

1998, 34(1):  27-32. 

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This article shows that for all one dimensional shape invariant potentials with parameters related by translation we can find their multiparameter deformations with q acting as the deformation parameter.

Study on the Variation of Feathers and Cause of Formation of the Oceanic Warm Pool

ZHOU Chunqing,LI Wanbiao

1998, 34(1):  40-49. 

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Based on the COADS data, the feathers of the seasonal variation and interannual change of the Oceanic Warm Pool are studied. The results show that the seasonal variation of the area and the center of the Warm Pool is connected with the seasonal variation of the solar radiation, while the highest value of the interannual change of area take place in the year of El Nino. The study of the seasonal variation of SST shows that the smaller the sea area and the nearer to warm pool center are chosen, the smaller the seasonal variation is presented, and there is a good positive correlation between interannual change of SST and that of area. The solar radiation and wind field are the key factors for the cause of formation of the Oceanic Warm Pool.

Property of Soil Water Capillary Conductivity and Some Tests

DONG Jiarui,WANG Angsheng

1998, 34(1):  50-57. 

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In the study of water flow through soil, an important part is to choose correct diffusion scheme in calculating soil water capillary conductivity. It is critical in studying the property of soil water diffusivity by correctly using difference scheme of diffusivity coefficients in diffusion equations. In this paper, a set of new difference scheme of diffusivity coefficients has been developed to adapt to the calculation of soil water capillary conductivity in interior boundary between two neighbouring model layers. The results are satisfactory by controlled infiltration tests.

Study on Transmission of WDM Channels through a Cascade of EDFA's

CHEN Zhangyuan,XIONG Guisheng,XU Anshi,WU Deming

1998, 34(1):  58-65. 

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A novel computation model is presented for the analysis of transmission of many wavelength-division-multiplexed(WDM) channels through a cascade of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers(EDFA's). We find that 15 WDM channels can transmit across 100 EDFA's without equalization if fiber nonlinearities are not taken into account, and the number of the accommodated channels decreases with the transmission distance. The system performance is most sensitive to the link loss between EDFA's among all system parameters. The 980 nm pumping of EDFA provides a higher optical signal to noise ratio(SNR) than the 1480nm pumping.

General Features and Origin of Cenozoic Basalts from Chifeng Region, North China

HAN Baofu,WANG Shiguang

1998, 34(1):  88-96. 

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The Cenozoic basalt from Chifeng region, North China, are characterized by Al₂O₃=12.51%-14.42%, Na₂O>K₂O, and TiO₂>2.00%. They are continental flood basalt, produced by fissure-type volcanism in the Miocene. The basalts chemically belong to the tholeiitic series and were derived from asthenospheric source regions. Two processes would be responsible for the generation of the basalts. The basaltic magma was first generated by partial melting of peridotites in the mantle, followed by fractionation of olivine from the magma. The magma formed at depth of the mantle ascended into a chamber within the continental crust, where it could cease moving up further and concentrated to some extent. It was in the chamber that some of olivine crystallized early was fractionated from the magma. Then, the remaining olivine would reacted with the magma, resulting in the development of clinopyroxene rim around olivine. It is suggested that the fractional crystallization of olivine from the magma is probably a common process to the formation of continental flood basalts.

The Study of Chlorite at Dajing Deposit in Innrer-Mongolia of China

AI Yongfu,LIU Guoping

1998, 34(1):  97-105. 

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Chlorite widely occurs in the alteration halo of hydrothermal deposits, it has been found in the alteration rocks of tourmaline-sericite-quartz, quartz-chlorite-hydrosericite and carbonate in Dajing Deposit. These rocks are adjacent to the ore body. The chemical composition of chlorite is complicated. After study the chlorite composition in Dajing Deposit as well as other deposits with same type worldwide, it is discovered that the ferriferous coefficient [Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn+Ca)] of chlorite can be used as indicator for various metal assemblages in ore deposits. Chlorite in Dajing Deposits has an assemblage of Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn, which is high for ferriferous coefficient. While chlorite in Kwaisin and Cibai of Russia has the assemblage of Pb-Zn(where Zn is dominated)which contains species with low ferriferous coefficient. There is a positive correlation between ferriterous coefficient of chlorite and its occurring elevation. This is resulted from the variation of the activity of Fe and Mg, the acidity and alkalinity of solution in different elevation and deposits. Besides that, parameter b₀ of unit in chlorite also shows positive correlation with its occurring elevation in Dajing Deposit and b₀ is larger in shallow than that in depth. This is contributed to the closest-packed structure under the condition of high pressure.

The Uplift Rate over the Past 124 ka along the North-east Coast of Shandong Peninsula

WANG Qing

1998, 34(1):  106-113. 

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After thinking of the relationship between the coast landscape evolution and both the tectonic movement and global sea-level change, the author calculated the uplift rate along the north-east coast of Shandong Peninsula on the basis of the correlation of the eustatic sea-level and relative sea-level responded by the local landscape, coast line and corresponding sediments. The results indicate that the uplift rates of the two sides of the Muping-Ji mo fault zone of the past 124 ka. are different. The uplift rate of the west side is about 0.50 mm/a, while the that of the east side is only 0.15 mm/a.

Engineering Geological Environment and Sustainable Development: III Synthetic Assessment of Engineering Geological Environment

LI Shude

1998, 34(1):  114-118. 

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The engineering geological environment is related to the geological environment in which human engineering activity is conducted. It includes both the suitability and the adaptability of geological environment to engineering construction. Their characteristics appear to the Coordinate-Stability of geological environment system in engineering construction which is the foundation of the survival and of the sustainable development of mankind.

The Records of (δ)¹⁸O and (δ)¹³C for Climate Changes in Nihewan Basin during the Last Interglacial

XIA Zhengkai,HAN Junqing,JIN Deqin,ZHOU Xihuang

1998, 34(1):  119-124. 

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According to the variation of stable isotopic composition of carbonate in lacustrine deposited in Hutouliang, Nihewan Basin, the section can be subdivided into four oxygen-carbon-isotope stages. They are as follows from top downwards: (1) 0.00-1.85m, which gave lower value of oxygen and carbon isotope. The (δ)¹⁸O value of 4 samples ranges from -7.16 to -7.88, (δ)¹⁸O(avg)=-7.53; the (δ)¹³C value ranges from -3.40 to -5.57, (δ)¹³C(avg)=-4.30. (2) 1.85-7.00m, which gave higher value of oxygen and carbon isotope. The (δ)¹⁸O value of 12 samples ranges from 0.46 to -5.52, (δ)¹⁸O(avg)=-2.59; the (δ)¹³C value ranges from 0.23 to -3.66, (δ)¹³C(avg)=-1.17. (3) 7.00-10.10m, which gave lower value of oxygen and carbon isotope. The (δ)¹⁸O value of 4 samples ranges from -6.97 to -9.39, (δ)¹⁸O(avg)=-8.50; the (δ)¹³C value ranges from -2.68 to -6.85, (δ)¹³C(avg)=-4.04. (4)10.10-14.87m, which gave higher value of oxygen and carb on isotope. The (δ)¹⁸O value of 11 samples ranges from 0.57 to 6.36, (δ)¹⁸O(avg)=-2.94; the (δ)¹³C values ranges from 3.43 to -3.52, (δ)¹³C(avg)=-0.73. Generally, the values of (δ)¹⁸O and (δ)¹³C of carbonate in lacustrite sediment have a positive correlation with that of the water saltness, the saltness has a positive correlation with evaporativity, and the evaporativity has a positive correlation with temperature and a negative correlation with humidity. So the high value of oxygen and carbon isotope ((δ)¹⁸O and (δ)¹³C) in Nihewan represents a relatively hot and dry weather while the low value of which represents a rather cool and wet weather. The variation of oxygen and carbon isotopic value among the section indicates the alternation between hot-dry and cool-wet climate during the last interglacial period.

Recent Studies on Human Physiology and Psychology in Antarctica

ZHANG Yan,XUE Zuohong

1998, 34(1):  125-136. 

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This article reviews recent studies about human physiology and psychology in Antarctica. The general conclusion of this body of research is that blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, weight, function of immunity, sleep and circadian rhythm are changed in the special physical and social environment of Antarctica. Adaptation is developed under this condition. The Antarctic environment is a source of stress. It is important to test predictive validity in the selection of personal. These studies are the foundation for further work and research.

Recent Studies on Human Physiology and Psychology in Antarctica

ZHANG Yan,XUE Zuohong

1998, 34(1):  125-136. 

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This article reviews recent studies about human physiology and psychology in Antarctica. The general conclusion of this body of research is that blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, weight, function of immunity, sleep and circadian rhythm are changed in the special physical and social environment of Antarctica. Adaptation is developed under this condition. The Antarctic environment is a source of stress. It is important to test predictive validity in the selection of personal. These studies are the foundation for further work and research.