Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis

Arc-Length Continuation Algorithm for Nonlinear Finite Element Equations

Youquan YIN, Yuan DI, Zaixing YAO

2017, 53(5): 793-800. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.072

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Stability analysis of engineering structures requires tracing equilibrium path of the structure when member’s buckling or material softening occurs. In nonlinear finite element analysis, the traditional Newton method fails at limit point and bifurcation point. The arc-length continuation method can overcome these numerical difficulties. To develop a nonlinear finite element code for stability analysis, the standard iteration formulation of Newton method is presented for the arc-length continuation method. Two practical formulations of the arc-length continuation method and their relationships with the standard form are also discussed. The applicability of the practical formulation is examined by the finite element analysis of stability for a slope.

Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Detection of Acoustic Nuclear Resonance of Slight Metal Oxidation of the Inner Surface of Enclosed Lead Metal Shield

Jibo ZHANG, Kehuan LINGHU, Qianhong WU, Ruijuan NIE, Fengmei YU, Furen WANG

2017, 53(5): 801-809. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.047

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This paper established enclosed cylinder and spherical Pb²⁰⁷ models to give formulas about acoustic nuclear dipole resonance detection of their inner surface oxide-massicot (β-Pb²⁰⁷O). Some calculations on the variations of SQUID-detected magnetic flux dependence of the mass of the metal oxide and the external magnetic field are done to study the feasibility and superiority of SQUID-detected ANR technique under metallic shield with inner surface oxidation. An experiment process was designed which can be used to detect ANR-related parameters using SQUID.

Extraction of Technetium and Rhenium with Ionic Liquid

Yue SONG, Taoxiang SUN, Qingde CHEN, Xinghai SHEN

2017, 53(5): 810-816. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.074

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The extraction of ReO₄^- and TcO₄^- by ionic liquids (ILs) were investigated systematically. The results indicated that imidazolium and quaternary ammonium ILs could extract ReO₄^- and TcO₄^- efficiently via anion-exchange mechanism. Compared with NTf₂-based ILs, PF₆-based ILs had a higher extraction efficiency towards ReO₄^-and TcO₄^-. With respect to the ILs with an identical anion, the extraction efficiency increased with the increase of the chain length of IL’s cations. The addition of HNO₃ and IL’s anion in aqueous phase decreased the extraction efficiency, while the increase of the concentration of IL’s cation led to an opposite effect. At a lower concentration of nitric acid, ReO₄^- ions were selectively extracted by either [N_6,444][NTf₂] or [C₈mim][PF₆] from simulated liquid waste. KPF₆and LiNTf₂aqueous solutions can strip ReO₄^- effectively from [C₈mim][PF₆] and [N_6,444][NTf₂], respectively.

Simulation of Flow in Continuous-Flow Cloud Condensation Nuclei Counter (DMT-CCNC)

Renjie YU, Chunsheng ZHAO, Huiwen XUE, Nan MA, Jiangchuan TAO, Shizuo FU, Jianpeng ZHANG, Ye KUANG, Hongjian LIU, Yuxuan BIAN

2017, 53(5): 817-824. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.015

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The velocity, temperature and humidity in the chamber of the Continuous Flow Streamwise Thermal-Gradient CCN Counter manufactured by DMT were successfully simulated using the computational fluid dynamics software ANSYS FLUENT. With velocity of 0.0164, 0.0185, 0.0205, 0.0226, 0.0246 m/s and temperature settings of ΔT 2, 8 and 17 K, the influence of velocity and temperature on the flow were tested. Results show that, velocity and temperature setting of CCNC influenced both velocity field and temperature field. When ∆T=8 K, v=0.0205 m/s, the supersaturaiton on the centerline was about 0.27%. Supersaturation in the CCNC chamber was simulated successfully.

Study on the Crustal Structure in Sichuan-Yunnan Region Based on Virtual Deep Seismic Sounding Method

Dou KANG, Chunquan YU, Jiuhui CHEN, Qiyuan LIU, Jieyuan NING

2017, 53(5): 825-832. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.042

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By using two seismic profiles along 30°N and 31°N in western Sichuan, China deployed by Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Virtual Deep Seismic Sounding (VDSS) method was applied to study the crustal structure in Sichuan-Yunnan region. The results show distinct Moho depth from VDSS at Sichuan-yunnan Rhombic Block, Songpan-Garze block and Yangzte block. 1) The Moho depth from VDSS in Sichuan basin is about 40 km, 2) Moho depth from VDSS beneath Sichuan-yunnan Rhombic Block is about 45-50 km, 3) Moho depth from VDSS beneath Songpan-Garze block is about 30-40 km. The Moho depth from VDSS in Sichuan basin is consistent with that predicted from Airy isostasy, while the Moho depth from VDSS at Chuan-Dian Fragment and Songpan-Garze block is clearly shallower than the Moho depth from previous receiver function studies, and those predicted from the Airy isostasy as well. These results may suggest that the crustal structure beneath Sichuan basin is relatively simple while there are complex crustal structure beneath Sichuan-yunnan Rhombic Block and Songpan-Garze block. In addition, the Moho depth from VDSS are clearly reduced at Xianshuihe fault and Anninghe fault, which might reflect mantle upwelling along the fault zones. The results provide new constrains to understand the deformation mechanism at southeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau.

Research on Geomorphological Morphology and Regionalization of Hoh Xil Based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

Li XU, Jianghai LI, Chiheng LIU, Xin CUI

2017, 53(5): 833-842. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.041

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The geomorphological morphology was analyzed quantificationally and the geomorphological regionalization was studied detailedly based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Hoh Xil area combinated with platform of Geographic Information System (GIS). Research suggests that the Hoh Xil area composes of three types in terms of absolute altitude: the middle, the high and the highest, and the high altitude type makes up about 69.38%. Due to the formation of planation surface, the relief amplitude in this area is less than 200 m mainly included plain, tableland and hill. Rivers headward erosion caused by strong uplift of Qinghai-Tibet plateau was not exert an influence on the Hoh Xil except Sanjiangyuan region. So the primary compose of slope type are micro slope, slow slope and slope which all less than 15°. According to regional differentiation of the essential geomorphological types and their genesis, the Hoh Xil is divided into four major geomorphological regions: the Qiangtang plateau (Region Ⅰ), the east Kunlun mountains (Region Ⅱ), Sanjiangyuan hill mountains (Region Ⅲ) and Qaidam plateau and basins (Region Ⅳ). Moreover, the Region Ⅰ is divided into Hoh Xil plateau lake basin (SubregionⅠ₁) and Dangla high mountains (SubregionⅠ₂). The Region Ⅱ is divided into southern highest mountain (Subregion Ⅱ₁) and northern high mountains (Subregion Ⅱ₂). The morphology research which reflect altitude, relief and slope and regionalization research which show geomorphological pattern and horizontal differentiation of plateau, mountain land, mountain plateau and basin will be of great significance in geomorphic, landform type and exploitation, protection in Hoh Xil.

Comparative Study of Famennian Carbon Isotope Characteristics of Junggar, Xinjiang and Central Hunan, South China

Pu ZONG, Xueping MA, Meiqiong ZHANG, Yubo ZHANG, Dan LÜ

2017, 53(5): 843-861. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.055

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In order to clarify the position of the Frasnian/Famennian (F/F) boundary in the Lower Member of the Hongguleleng Formation of northwestern Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, carbon isotope characters were comparatively studied for the carbonates from the Lower Member of this formation in the Bulongguoer section of Junggar and the interval (lower-middle Famennian of the Upper Devonian) at the Xikuangshan section of central Hunan. The age of the Lower Member of the Hongguleleng Formation is re-investigated, on the basis of its integrative biostrati-graphical evidence, carbon isotope features, and a comparison with carbon isotope data from the Xikuangshan section. The carbon isotopic trend from the Lower Member of the Hongguleleng Formation does not show any prominent positive excursion and is distinctly different from the δ¹³C oscillation pattern across the F/F boundary recorded in several typical sections around the world; the δ¹³C values at Bulongguoer vary from 0 to 1‰, which is lower in amplitude than the currently known positive shift (2‰-3‰) across the F/F boundary in the world. The Lower Member of the Hongguleleng Formation probably may not contain Frasnian deposits, or even lacks the basal part of the Famennian (Pa. triangularis conodont Zone). For the early-middle Famennian interval of the studied sections, the carbon isotope trend seems to be well comparable; and this trend can be divided into three phases: two positive-negative oscillation cycles, followed by a weak positive excursion. The characteristics of major elements indicate that the lower part of Unit 3-1 in the Bulongguoer section was affected by terrigenous supply, which is inferred to probably be related to strong regional tectonic activities.

Study of Spatial Interaction and Nodal Attractions of Municipal Cities in China from Social Media Check-in Data

Zeya HE, Bihu WU, Yu LIU

2017, 53(5): 862-872. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.084

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To investigate the spatial interaction effect and nodal attractions of cities, a set of inter-city social network location-based check-in data with a time span of one year among 348 municipal cities in China is examined with a PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) method and the gravity model. Twelve variables related with economic development, industrial structure, population scale and structure, tourism competitiveness and educational level are introduced to further investigate their influences on nodal attractions of cities. The results indicate a distance decay effect which is relatively weaker than in other systems, suggesting that human mobility at the regional level is less sensitive to the change in geographic distance. A close examination of the nodal attractions suggests variables related to the cities’ tourism competitiveness, maturity of development and population scale significantly influence the value of nodal attractions. This article will serve as a stepping-stone for a better future understanding of human travel pattern, check-in behaviors and the real meaning of nodal attractions in some complicated networks.

A Bayesian Estimation-Based Algorithm for Geomagnetic Aided Inertial Navigation

Yuefeng LIU, Peichen ZHENG

2017, 53(5): 873-880. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.016

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For existing algorithms are difficult to satisfy the applied requirements, a Bayesian estimation-based algorithm for geomagnetic aided inertial navigation is proposed for aerocraft navigation. The core idea is to convert position estimation to probability estimation. A position correction strategy is also provided in this algorithm. Simulation experiments were performed in which measured data were used. Results show that the algorithm has an average navigation accuracy of 89 meters and spend average 156 seconds for first correction the INS (inertial navigation system). In addition, the performance of the algorithm is not sensitivity to initial estimation errors.

Comparative Study on the Thermal Environment Effect of Six Urban Underlying Surfaces

Yajun YANG, Zhendong ZOU, Wenli ZHAO, Guoyu QIU

2017, 53(5): 881-889. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.014

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Surface temperature characteristics of six typical underlying surfaces, namely, asphalt pavement, cement pavement, grass, marble pavement, pavement bricks and grass-planting bricks, were observed with thermal infrared imaging technology. The diurnal and seasonal variations of surface temperature of different underlying surfaces were systematically analyzed. By means of the standard deviation (SD), the temporal and spatial microclimatic dynamic characteristics of different underlying surface temperature were revealed. The results are as following. 1) Diurnal variation of surface temperature of different underlying surfaces present unimodal pattern, diurnal variation of grass surface temperature changes greatly from season to season. Asphalt surface temperature is highest among the whole year, having a great effect on thermal environment while temperatures of grass-planting bricks and marble pavement are the lowest, having a relief effect on thermal environment, especially in summer. 2) The daily average temperature of different underlying surfaces are higher than air temperature, showing that underlying surface keeps heating the air throughout the year. 3) The underlying surface temperature is strongly affected by air temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. Air temperature and solar radiation are positively related with surface temperature, showing that air temperature and solar radiation play a role in warming the land surface. On the contrary, relative humidity is negatively correlated with surface temperature, turning out that relative humidity plays a role in cooling the land surface. 4) Grass-planting bricks have a more stable thermal environment than grass and marble bricks. Temperature changing characteristic of asphalt pavement best represents the spatial and temporal variation characteristics regarding the temperature of underlying surface. The results have certain reference significance for knowing thermal environment of different urban underlying surfaces, while providing scientific evidence for alleviating urban thermal environment.

Pore Structure Characteristics of Sludge Biochars during Pyrolysis with Various Pyrolysis Temperatures and Holding Times

Siqi TANG, Jingchen WANG, Ko Jaehac

2017, 53(5): 890-898. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.085

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Municipal sewage sludge was pyrolyzed, under various pyrolysis temperatures and holding times, to investigate the pore structure characteristics of the sludge-based biochars obtained. The pore structure of the obtained sludge biochars was measured by the N₂ adsorption/desorption at 77 K. The concept of fractal dimension was introduced to determine the pore surface roughness. Experimental results showed that the BET surface area of the sludge biochars increased with pyrolysis temperature increasing, achieving the maximum (i.e. 92.3 m²/g) at 600ºC; the further increase of pyrolysis temperature decreased it. When pyrolysis temperature was less than 500ºC, mesopores were dominant on the obtained biochars and micropores were not observed; over 500ºC, the main pore species were micropores and mesopores. The shape of pores on the sludge biochars differed as pyrolysis temperature increased, varying from silt-shaped pattern to thorough and plate-like patterns. The increase of holding time little altered the pores’ shape but did the pore volume. The pore surface fractal dimensions of the obtained biochars intended to increase with pyrolysis temperature, whereas the prolonging of holding time decreased it at 600-700ºC and augmented it over 700ºC.

Treatment of 2,4-DNT-3-SA Contaminated Soil by a Biological Leaching Method

Tianyu ZHANG, Quanlin ZHAO, Zhenzhong ZHANG, Zhenming JIANG, Hongping SU, Xuewen GAO, Zhengfang YE

2017, 53(5): 899-904. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.094

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A static biological leaching method was used to treat the 2,4-DNT-3-SA contaminated soil. The effects of oxygen conditions, soil to water ratio and temperature on the removal efficiency of 2,4-DNT-3-SA were evaluated. The result suggested that under the aerobic and 37ºC conditions, the removal efficiency of 2,4-DNT-3-SA reached more than 98% when the ratio of soil to water was 10:5. High-throughput sequencing results indicated that the dominant bacteria in the soil were Genus Pseudomonas, Sphingobium and Sporolactobacillus.

Impact of Railway High-Speed on the Urban Spatial Interaction: A Case Study of Beijing-Shanghai Line

Huaxiong JIANG, Xiaochen MENG

2017, 53(5): 905-912. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.097

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Taking Beijing-Shanghai High-speed Rail as an example, this paper makes an analysis about the impact of city scale, distance, departure frequency upon the intensity of passager flow between cities, and decomposes the Time Saving effect of high-speed rail and departure frequency effect. A multiple liner regression model is constructed to analyze whether both effects are significant, under the control of the scale variable. The results show that Beijing-Shanghai High-speed Rail makes a readjustment of the passager flow between cities, leading to an decreasing impact of the scale variable upon the urban spatial interaction; the influence of the distance variable is significant in 2014, of which the absolute coefficient decrease, and which means passager flow is less sensitive to the spatial distance, leading to the increase of passager flow of the long-distance city-pairs. Therefore, the time saving effect of high-speed rail makes the distance less important for urban spatial interaction. The coefficient of the departure frequency variable is also significant in 2014, resulting from high-speed rail increasing the total departure frequency, and exalting the intensity of medium, medium-high departure frequency city-pairs, which means that the effect of departure frequency makes the departure frequency more important for urban spatial interaction.

Risk Assessment of Perfluoroalkyl Compounds (PFCs) in Water and Sediment Samples of Hanjiang River

Jie LI, Yue GAO, Zhifen WANG, Binwei WANG, Hongshan HAO, Yaru XU, Tingting ZHU, Nan XU, Jinren NI

2017, 53(5): 913-920. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.096

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Contamination profiles of 11 kinds of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were analyzed by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in water and sediment samples of Hanjiang River in dry and wet seasons. The results showed that 11 kinds of PFCs were all detected. The total concentrations of PFCs in water and sediment were 0.3-23.04 ng/L, 0-55.1 ng/g in dry season and 0.16-19.68 ng/L, 0.99-85.07 ng/g in wet season. The maximum concentration of PFCs was detected in Wuhan where Hanjiang River feeds into Yangtze River. Meanwhile,Wuhan had the highest concentration of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with 22.52 ng/L in dry season and 12.52 ng/L in wet season. Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) were the dominant PFCs in sediment and the highest total concentration of PFCs was detected in Taocha. There was little difference in the concentration composition of ∑PFCs in sediment in both seasons. The risk quotient method was used for the ecological risk assessment of PFOA, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), PFHxA and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) in water, and PFOA and PFOS in sediment based on the measured environmental concentration (MEC) and the predicted non-effect concentration (PNEC) of target pollutants.The assessment results suggest that the above PFCs in water and sediment of Hanjiang River posed no ecological risk to environment.

Distribution of Rare Earth Elementsin the Soft Tissue of Hyriopsis cumingii and the Correlation with Metal Speciation of Sediments in Poyang Lake

Xuming XU, Baozhu PAN, Fengyue SHU, Xiufen CHEN, Jinren NI

2017, 53(5): 921-928. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.095

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Hyriopsis cumingii and corresponding sediment in five respective monitoring sections of Poyang Lake were sampled in autumn 2014, followed by the detection of rare earth elements (REEs) in the soft tissue of Hyriopsis cumingii and sediments treated by BCR sequential exaction. As results, the mean value of total REEs in the soft tissue of Hyriopsis cumingii was 15.52 mg/kg, and light REEs were more easily accumulated, indicating that the biological effect of light REEs on Hyriopsis cumingii was stronger than heavy REEs. Correspondingly, the mean value of total REEs in sediments was 285.22 mg/kg with higher light REEs, suggesting the strong terrigenous properties. The REEs concentration in the sediment treated by BCR sequential extraction ranked as: residual fraction>reducible fraction>oxidizable fraction>exchangeable fraction. The exchangeable fraction displayed the lowest REEs concentration but the largest difference in spatial distribution; however, they were all under low risk level analyzed by Risk Assessment Code. Significant and positive correlations can be observed between REEs in Hyriopsis cumingii and that in the oxidizable fraction of sediments, suggesting that the bioavailability of REEs would mainly depend on REEs bound to organic matter.

Simulation of Pollution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Ozone in Tianjin during Summer Time

Linan HONG, Zhengchao HUANG, Momei QIN, Xuesong WANG

2017, 53(5): 929-938. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.109

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Models-3/CMAQ and High-order Decoupled Direct Method (HDDM) was applied to simulate the ozone pollution during July 2014 in Tianjin, and then to analyze the distribution of ozone-precursor sensitivity regimes and to quantify the impact of source emissions from Tianjin and surrounding areas. The distribution of ozone concentration in Tianjin was gradually increased from the center urban areas to the suburbans areas. The concentrations in Binhai new district (in the southeast of Tianjin), was the highest. Ozone formation was mainly VOCs-sensitive in Tianjin in July, the central area (Central city, Beichen, Dongli and Binhai new district) was VOCs-sensitive over 95% days, near 2/3 of simulation days in northern suburbs (Jixian, Baodi, Ninghe and Wuqing) and Jinnan in central area was VOCs controlled, VOC-sensitive regime had similar probability of occurrence to mixed sensitive regime in southern suburbs (Xiqing, Jinghai and Dagang). Shandong Province contributed 1/4 to ozone in Tianjin, was the main source of Tianjin summer ozone, significantly influencing the level of ozone in the southeast coastal of Tianjin. The average contribute of Hebei Province was 1/6. It main effected of western area of Tianjin. Tianjin local emissions contributed in Baodi and Jixian in the north of Tianjin.

Impacts of Land Use Changes on Ecosystem Service Value in Hongsipu Irrigated Area

Xinyue HU, Yuqin SONG, Lei LU

2017, 53(5): 939-947. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.108

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Based on related study on land use and methods of ecosystem service value assessment, using GIS technology, this paper analyzed the land use changes of Hongsipu irrigated area 1996, 2000, 2006 and 2010 and calculated ecosystem service value, in order to study how the ecosystem service value changes with the land use. Results showed that the changes of land use in Hongsipu irrigated area were significant from 1996 to 2010. The main land use types are grassland, cropland and sandy wasteland. In 1996 the main type was grassland while in 2010 it’s changed to cropland. During 1996 to 2010, grassland area decreased and cropland area increased most significantly, followed by the increase of construction land and woodland area, while water area changed slightly. Total ecosystem service value of the study area increased from about 249.56 million yuan in 1996 to about 266.64 million yuan in 2010, which showed an increasing tendency. It’s the increase of cropland and woodland area that caused the increase of total ecosystem service value. And also the ecosystem service value of cropland, woodland and water accounts for 84.59% of the total ecosystem service value. The distribution of unit area ecosystem service value is also closely related to land use changes and directly reflects the process of land use change during the irrigated area construction and development, indicating that the land use changes of Hongsipu irrigated area had a positive effect on total ecosystem service value increase.

Integrated PCA-BN Approach for Identifying the Water Quality Response Patterns for Lakes in Yunnan Plateau

Qingsong JIANG, Zhongyao LIANG, Lei ZHAO, Yuzhao LI, Sifeng WU, Yong LIU

2017, 53(5): 948-956. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.113

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An integrated approach of principle components analysis (PCA) and Bayesian network (BN) for identify- ing the response pattern of different clusters were developed to understand sensitive relationships of water quality in lakes of Yunnan Plateau. The model includes four steps: data preconditioning, lakes clustering with PCA, Bayesian network learning and lake water quality response modeling. The results demonstrate that the 26 lakes can be clustered into two groups; the Chl a concentration responds more significantly to Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP) in the first group, mainly resulting from much higher watershed disturbances; the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in the first group with higher water temperature is close to saturation and have little change with Chl a increasing, while the second group is not; and there is good consistency on the relationship between Transpa-rency (SD)and Chl a in both groups.

Denitrification Performance of a Denitrifier-Augmented Packed-Bed Bioreactor with Solid Carbon Source

LU Ting, YANG Luhua, YANG Feifei, WU Weizhong

2017, 53(5): 957-963. DOI: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.114

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