To explore the characteristics and sources of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM_2.5 of Kunming, simultaneously on-line measurements of major water-soluble inorganic ions and gaseous pollutants were performed from April 15 to May 20, 2021 in Xishan district, Kunming city using a Gas-aerosol Collector and Ion Chromatograph (GAC-IC). The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM_2.5 was 25.0±15.0 μg/m³, indicating that the atmosphere of Kunming was at a relatively clean level, and the average mass concentration of water-soluble ions was 8.32±4.83 μg/m³, which accounted for 32.1% of the PM_2.5 concentration. The water-soluble components of PM_2.5 and gaseous precursors showed obvious diurnal variation, with the increase of inorganic ion concentrations at night and the decrease of inorganic ion concentrations during the day after reaching their peak in the morning. The average SOR and NOR were 0.55 and 0.042, indicating that there was an obvious secondary transformation process of sulfate, but not of nitrate, which might be accompanied by the formation of nitrate and the decomposition of NH₄NO₃. The result of positive matrix factorization (PMF) indicated that there were five main contribution sources of water-soluble ions in PM_2.5, which were fossil fuel combustion source and industry (36%), secondary sulfate (27%), biomass combustion (18%), secondary nitrate (16%) and sea salt (3%).

Carbon components, water-soluble ions and their gaseous precursors in atmospheric PM_2.5 in Taian were monitored online from May 10 to June 10, 2019. The mass concentration and component composition of PM_2.5 (carbonaceous species and water-soluble ions) were analyzed. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM_2.5 was 37.7 μg/m³ during the sampling period, which was 1.1 times higher than the standardary limit (35 μg/m³) regulated by of Chinese Ambient air quality standards (GB 3095–2012). For instance, the content of water-soluble ions in PM_2.5 was the highest with 47.3%. The water-soluble components of PM_2.5 and gaseous precursors had obvious diurnal variation, with a peak (single peak) at 7:00 am. OC/EC ratio of Taian in summer ranged from 1.1 to 17.5, indicated that Taian was mainly affected by a mixture of biomass combustion, coal combustion and exhaust emissions. Positive matrix factor analysis (PMF) showed that the proportion of secondary nitrate, biomass combustion source, secondary sulfate and coal combustion soure in PM_2.5 were 22.0%, 46.7%, 29.9% and 1.4%, respectively.