Adopting a genetic perspective and based on a GIS platform, this study integrates methods such as kernel density estimation, street distribution density analysis, bivariate spatial autocorrelation, and mean center analysis to investigate the formative processes and driving mechanisms behind the growth of guild halls in the Old City of Beijing during the Ming, Qing, and Republican periods. The findings reveal that: 1) The Ming dynasty represented the embryonic stage of guild hall development, the Qing dynasty the flourishing stage, and the Republican period the declining stage. 2) Guild halls were mostly established in areas characterized by concentrated literati activities, prosperous commerce, and frequent population mobility, with the highest concentrations observed in the Xianyukou area near Qianmen in the Ming dynasty, the Fayuan Temple area in Xuannan during the Qing dynasty, and the western Inner City during the Republican period. 3) New guild halls were mostly located along major streets or alleys close to main streets or waterways, with high concentrations in Gaomiao Hutong during the Ming dynasty, Chengxiang Hutong during the Qing dynasty, and Chenggen West Street and North Street in the Inner City during the Republican period. 4) There was a significant spatial correlation between the distribution of newly established literati guild halls and commercial guild halls during the Ming and Qing periods. Three types of clustering—high-high, high-low, and low-high—were observed. In the Ming dynasty, both types of guild halls formed a high-high cluster to the south of Zhengyangmen Gate while simultaneously spreading out to form high-low and low-high clusters. In the Qing dynasty, the high-high cluster expanded from Xianyukou, accompanied by the growth of high-low and low-high clusters. 5) The spatial center of guild halls shifted overall from east to west and from south to north. The migration pattern of literati guild hall centers aligned closely with the overall trend, while the centers of commercial guild halls moved only within the Qianmen area. 6) Four major factors, namely institutional policy, commodity economy, population mobility, and urban construction, interacted to shape the growth process and the cultural rise and decline of Beijing’s guild halls. These findings deepen the understanding of the stage-based dynamic evolution of the city’s historical spatial structure and highlight the potential of GIS for refined research on historic urban areas.

基于发生学视角, 结合GIS平台, 综合应用核密度、街巷分布密度、双变量空间自相关和中心数中心分析方法, 探讨明、清和民国3个时期北京老城会馆增长的发生过程及其机制, 得到如下结果: 1) 明代为会馆增长的萌芽期, 清代为兴盛期, 民国为衰退期; 2) 会馆多新增于士人集中、商业繁荣和人口流动频繁的地方, 明代前门的鲜鱼口片区、清代宣南的法源寺片区、民国的内城西部会馆分布最为密集; 3) 会馆多新增于交通便捷的大街及靠近大街或者水系的胡同, 明代的高庙胡同、清代的丞相胡同、民国的内城城根西大街及北大街分布最为密集; 4) 明清时期新增士人会馆与商业行业会馆空间分布呈现显著相关性, 明显存在高–高、高–低、低–高3类聚集区, 明代两者在正阳门南高–高聚集的同时, 各自集聚形成高–低及低–高聚集区, 清代则在鲜鱼口高–高聚集区的基础上, 扩张了高–低集聚区并衍生出低–高聚集区; 5) 新增会馆中心的迁移呈现由东到西、由南到北的整体趋势, 其中, 士人会馆中心迁移趋势与总体趋势基本上一致, 商业行业会馆中心仅在前门地区摆动; 6) 制度政策、商品经济、流动人口和城市营建四大要素交互作用, 深刻地影响北京城会馆的增长过程及文化兴衰。研究结果有助于理解城市历史空间的阶段性动态演变, 并为GIS在历史地段精细化研究的深入应用提供参考。