Based on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this paper proposed a sustainability assessment method, taking Guizhou as an example, to analyze the change characteristics and driving factors of land and water resources sustainability. The findings are as follows. 1) From 2005 to 2020, the sustainability index of land and water resources continued to rise, showing a pattern of “high in the east and low in the west” at the county scale. 2) The change process of the sustainability index of the four sub-targets was different, and the coordination degree presented four changing trends: continuous decline, first decline and then rise, first rise and then fall, and continuous rise. 3) The potential index of water resources and ecological land showed a pattern of “high in the east and low in the west”. The potential index of agricultural land continued to decline, and the potential index of construction land continued to rise. 4) The driving effect of the factors “area under the control of rocky desertification” and “proportion of output value of the tertiary industry” was the strongest. The closer the attributes of the driving factors were, the more obvious the synergistic driving effect was enhanced. Therefore, in karst areas, it is of great significance to carry out control of rocky desertification and improve industrial development level to promote regional sustainable development. 

以贵州省为研究区, 基于可持续发展目标(SDGs)框架构建喀斯特地区水土资源可持续性评估体系, 分析2005—2020年水土资源可持续性和可持续发展贡献潜力的时空变化特征, 进而采用地理探测器揭示水土资源可持续性的驱动因素, 得到如下结果。1) 15年间, 贵州省水土资源的可持续性指数持续上升, 呈现“东高西低”的空间格局。2) 4个子目标的可持续性指数变化过程不同, 且协调度呈现持续下降、先降后升、先升后降和持续上升4种变化趋势。3) 水资源和生态用地的可持续发展贡献潜力指数呈现“东高西低”的格局, 并经历“西升东降”的变化过程; 农业用地的贡献潜力指数持续下降, “中心低边缘高”的格局不断强化; 建设用地的贡献潜力指数持续上升, “中心高边缘低”的格局逐渐形成。4) “石漠化治理面积”和“第三产业产值占比”对水土资源可持续性的影响最为显著, 且影响因子的属性越接近, 协同驱动效应的增强越明显。因此, 在喀斯特地区, 持续开展石漠化综合治理和提升产业发展水平, 对促进区域可持续发展具有重要意义。