The efficiency of carbon emissions of 30 provincial regions (Tibet Autonomous Region and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan are not included) in China from 2007 to 2016 was studied by using SE-SBM model, and the factors that influence the efficiency were analyzed by using Tobit model. The conclusions are as follows. Since 2007, China’s efficiency of carbon emissions has slightly decreased, and slightly improved after 2015, while the regional difference is obvious, and Beijing is the most efficient region. At the four region, eastern area has the high-test level, and it has significant difference compared with western area which has the lowest level in carbon emission efficiency level. However, the efficiency of carbon emissions of western area has been gradually increasing in recent years, and it has the trend of matching the central and northeastern regions’ efficiency of carbon emissions. By Tobit regression analysis, the results show that government interventions, energy intensity, level of opening-up, energy structure and technical level have an impact on the efficiency of carbon emissions. At last, the paper suggests that government should allocate carbon emissions targets with considering the differences in regional industrial structure and the level of economic development, improve opening-up structure and upgrade energy structure.