Based on the perspective of sustainable agricultural development, this study systematically discusses the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics, coupling and decoupling process of agricultural development and resource-environment in Beijing since 2005. The results are as follows. 1) From 2005 to 2017, Beijing’s agricultural development first strengthens and then weakens. The development characteristics of economic output are similar to those of agricultural development; the indexes of agricultural social development first decreases rapidly and then slowly increases, but generally showing a weakening trend; the industrial modernization continues to improve. 2) The pressure of agricultural resources and environment strengthens first and then abates. The change trend of the resource carrying and consumption indexes are the same as that of the pressure index, and the influence on the pressure index of agricultural resources and environment is obvious; the environmental pollution index decreases year by year. 3) There has been a dynamic evolution from “the most unfavorable state→the ideal state→the relatively optimistic state” between the pressure of resources and environment and the development of agriculture in the city, with coexistence of decoupling and coupling states and the decoupling state as the main one. In the process of agricultural sustainable transformation and upgrading in future, it is necessary to emphasize the ecological development of agriculture and its multi-functional value excavation and to promote its orderly balance with resources and environment.