Table of Content

20 November 2007, Volume 43 Issue 6

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Application of Image Matching to Seabed Terrain Map

YU Jiacheng,CHEN Jiabin,YAN Lei,LIU Yuefeng

2007, 43(6):  733-737. 

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Seabed terrain matching is applied to increase the localization accuracy for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV). By bicubic B-spline surface interpolation, reference depth map (RDM) is reconstructed to represent actual terrain. A plot is taken from RDM plus white noise to mimic local depth map (LDM). Then two maps are transformed to 8-bit,256-grey images. In this stage, the two images are matched with correlation, thus image and terrain are connected tightly. Simulation results show that the matching is greatly accurate with certain robusticity, suitable to large seabed terrain areas, including flat and complex regions.

Continuous and Discrete Dynamic Fields Integrated Modeland Its Database Extension

HUANG Fengru,FANG Yu,CHEN Bin,PENG Xia,YIN Shuangshi

2007, 43(6):  738-743. 

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Based on the field model, a uniform dynamic field model is proposed to support representing the characteristics of distribution continuity and time development of spatial phenomena. Through analytical expressions and arrays data structures, data types and operating functions of the new model are extended in an object-relational database to support uniform representation, management, access and spatio-temporal querying for continuous and discrete dynamic fields. Several examples are demonstrated to discuss the representing and querying ability of the new model and its database extension.

New Insights to China's Export-Oriented Clusters

WANG Jici,LIN Tao

2007, 43(6):  839-846. 

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In the last two decades, regional development theories based on the Western experience, highly addressed the innovation function of industrial clusters, with Chinese scholars following. However, because it not yet fit the nation?s characteristics, it could not provide proper theoretical background for Chinese policy makers. The paper claims that Chinese clusters formed in global-local tension. Paying more attention to concentrated dispersion caused by offshore outsourcing could provide some insights for cluster formation of China. The clusters of China functioned very well for multinational buyers and contract manufactures, but their roles for build competitive advantage of the country and their regions were limited. Therefore, the key task facing China should be to foster innovative clusters instead of building more “low road" ones. From these points of view, Chinese scholars should study industrial linkage continually, analyze the actual evolutions and function in the national institution setting, so that policy-makers could learn the circumstances in which local upgrading strategies could be expected to succeed.

The Relationship between Industrial Development and Environmental Impacts in China

MAO Jiansu,YANG Zhifeng,LU Zhongwu,LIU Ruimin

2007, 43(6):  744-751. 

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It remains a matter for considerable debate whether developing countries can achieve a win-win situation for both economic growth and environmental improvement. The authors explore the possibility of a win-win situation from theoretical and practical standpoints. In a theoretical study, the authors introduce the concept of “eco-efficiency" and transform the IPAT equation into a new pattern, “the ISE equation", in which environmental impact equals the service provided by a specific system divided by the eco-efficiency of the system. The authors then focus on an economic system and quantify the relationship between environmental impacts and economic growth by assuming exponential growth in the economy and in eco-efficiency. The results indicated that environmental impacts can only be reduced if eco-efficiency grows at a faster rate than the economy. In a practical study, the authors examine the environmental impacts of wastewater, waste gases, solid wastes, and several pollutants from 1992 to 2002, and analyze the relationships between these industrial environmental impacts and industrial economic growth in China. The results indicated that, except for the total volume of industrial waste gases, all other environmental efficiencies have been increasing faster than the corresponding gross industrial product. Consequently, the net environmental impacts of these factors have been decreasing despite rapid industrial economic growth. This indicates that the impact of this growth on China's environment has been improving during the study period.

A Study on Chloride Extraction and Sintering Stabilization of MSWI Fly Ash

LI Xiaodong,LIU Yangsheng

2007, 43(6):  752-758. 

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This study investigates the effects of water-washing process（such as water to ash weight ratio, contact time, temperature, and number of extraction steps）of fly ash on the removal of the soluble chloride salts, and the effect of sintering on heavy metal stabilization. The results indicate that more than 93% of Cl is found to be leached at L/S=4. The ratio of liquid to solid is thought to be mostly responsible for the extraction of chlorine, and the extractible amount of chlorine have a good linear relationship with logarithm of L/S. Simultaneously, the reduction of chloride salt and the formation of relatively low-melting point calcium-containing aluminosilicates are identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Compared with the original fly ash, the washed fly ash has a lower leaching concentrations of heavy metals (Pb、Cd、Ni) after sintering. The heavy metal leaching toxicity of the washed fly ash can evidently meet demand of the regulation after sintering at 800℃. The technology combining the water-washing process with sintering has a good promising for the incinerator fly ash to reduce the leaching toxicity of heavy metals.

Utilization of Sewage Sludge and Waste Molasses for Production of Bacillus thuringiensis Based Biopesticide

CHANG Ming,ZHOU Shungui,LU NaNI Jinren

2007, 43(6):  759-763. 

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Feasibility of combined fermentation of sewage sludge and waste molasses to ?Bacillus thuringiensis? based biopesticide was studied. As a kind of useful supplemental carbon sources, waste molasses proved to be effective in promoting the growth and metabolism of ?Bacillus thuringiensis? when the additive proportion was lower than 2.0%. Excessive molasses delayed the fermentation process and restrained the spores or crystals from maturing. The best combined medium was found to be sewage sludge (3% total solid) supplemented with 1.5 % molasses (w/w). In this medium, the highest viable cells count (VC) and viable spores count (VS) could rise up to 4.17×10⁸CFU?mL^-1and 3.60×10⁸CFU?mL^-1, respectively. Both crystal protein concentration and entomotoxicity of this medium were also superior to other combined media at the end of fermentation, with the highest crystal protein yield of 1.96 mg?mL^-1 and entomotoxicity of 788 IU?μL^-1, respectively. Moreover, significant correlation can be seen between the crystal protein yield and the entomotoxicity. Therefore, crystal protein yield can be used as a simple but reliable index for assessing the Bt fermentation process.

Adjoint Model of Atmospheric Chemistry Transport Model CAMx: Construction and Application

LIU Feng,ZHANG Yuanhang,SU Hang,HU Jianlin

2007, 43(6):  764-770. 

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Based on the atmospheric chemistry transport model CAMx, its adjoint model is constructed. The adjoint model code is hand-generated and numerical experiments are designed to test and validate the code. CAMx and its adjoint model are applied for simulation and sensitivity analysis of air pollution in the Pearl River Delta. The sensitivities of high ground level sulfur dioxide and ozone respect to pollutant sources are calculated, and the applicability of linear sensitivity coefficients is discussed through numerical experiments, which provide important information for extensive analysis of pollution mechanisms and control strategies. Using the adjoint model, the sensitivities of an object function respect to thousands of input variables can be calculated efficiently. With the introduction of the adjoint method, the function of CAMx is considerably extended, and provides a powerful tool for inverse problems on emission parameters as well as for management of atmospheric environment.

Responses of Vegetation Activity to Precipitation Variation on the Tibetan Plateau

ZHOU Rui,YANG Yuanhe,FANG Jingyun

2007, 43(6):  771-775. 

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To reveal the effects of climate change on the Tibetan Plateau, the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data of 2000-2004 together with the climate data from meteorological stations in the study area is used to analyze the vegetation cover, variations and the relationships between climate factors. The primary results show as follows: (1) EVI decreases from southeast to northwest on the Tibetan Plateau, which resulted from the precipitation; (2) Vegetation growth keeps stable on the whole, with obvious variation in some areas; (3) EVI variations mainly come from precipitation variation. Coefficient of Variation (CV) of EVI shows significantly positive relation to precipitation CV, but has no relation in evidence to temperature CV; (4) EVI CV shows significant negative relation to precipitation, which means vegetation growth in areas with more precipitation varies less strongly.

Research on Beijing City Future Growth Simulation Based on LRM

SHEN Tiyan,LUO Li'e,LI Xun,ZHU Rongfu,YANG Kaizhong

2007, 43(6):  776-783. 

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According to the development experience of Beijing Metropolitan Area, the authors build and calibrate a set of the multi-variable logistic regression models for the processes based on remote sensing, GIS and geo-computation technologies.Then this model is used to simulate three issues in the fast urbanization processes in Beijing Metropolitan Area: What are the results of stable strategy What will happen if the seventh ring road will be constructed What is the impact of the 2008 Olympic Game Campus The result is that urban simulation should be acted as a very important approach to promote urban planning and decision-making in China.

Security Evaluation of Land Ecology in Hebei Province

LI Yuping,CAI Yunlong

2007, 43(6):  784-789. 

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Based on clarifying of land ecological security and taking Hebei Province as the case, this article discusses the methods of security evaluations of land ecology. In accordance with the commonly accepted index of security evaluation on regional land ecology, a system of 22 indexes suitable for this region is established. By adopting the principle of systematic analysis and the security matrix of land ecology, calculation for the two year (2000 and 2004 respectively) status is carried out. The results show that the comprehensive security status of land ecology is labeled “sensitive grade" for 2000 while “alarming grade" for 2004. It indicates that the land security status in Hebei Province in both 2000 and 2004 is in the “unsafe" state with the tendency of deteriorating. The main causes for the deterioration of land ecological security are the population booming, unreasonable reclamation, soil erosion, overgrazing, extensive farming and so on.

Land-Use Change in Kunshan: Implications for Building New Socialist Countryside

LONG Hualou,LIU Yansui,TANG Guoping,CHEN Yufu

2007, 43(6):  790-796. 

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The central government of China recently released an important policy document on “building a new socialist countryside", which means advanced production, improved livelihood, a civilized social atmosphere, clean and tidy villages and efficient management. This paper analyzes characteristics, socio-economic driving forces of land-use change in Kunshan, Jiangsu province, China, and discusses the ways of building new socialist countryside and realizing sustainable rural development, from the perspective of land use. Based on remote sensing (RS) maps, change matrix is constructed for detecting land-use change between 1987 and 2000 through pixel-to-pixel comparisons. The outcomes indicate that, to a large extent, land-use change in Kunshan is characterized by a serious replacement of cultivated land with urban and rural settlements, artificial ponds, and construction land. For the whole area, fragmentation of land cover is very significant. In addition, the results of bivariate analysis indicate that industrialization, urbanization, population growth and China?s economic reform measures are four major driving forces contributing to land-use change in Kunshan. Finally, some managerial measures and policy implications for local building new socialist countryside are suggested as follows: (1) carrying out rural construction land consolidation, so as to improve villagers living conditions; (2) implementing cultivated land consolidation to advance agricultural modernization; (3) laying out plan for building new socialist countryside; and (4) innovating the mechanism of sustainable land management.

The Development of Post Occupancy Evaluation Abroad and Its Feasibility in China

ZHAO Donghan

2007, 43(6):  797-802. 

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With the development of Chinese urbanization, thousands of buildings, parks and plazas are being planned, designed and built. But the situation is not just like the designers? expectation when they have been put into use. Many projects cannot satisfy the user?s demand and the using condition has always been ignored. Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) pays attention to users and using condition, and it feeds back the problems appeared during the using process to the designers. Then a good feedback system is formed and the whole project system is improved. This paper introduces the development of POE in the world, and analyses the developing character of POE overseas, then it discusses the obstacles that the practice procedure of POE will confront in China from the implement fees, public participation, evaluation technology and so on. Moreover, the paper tries to demonstrate the approach of POE in China from the perspective of government, project developers, project return visit mechanism etc. At last the large significance of implementing POE in China is brought forward.

Characterization of a Gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase from Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000

LIU Dongqi,ZHU Shunni,NI Jinren

2007, 43(6):  828-833. 

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The gene encoding gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase from a soil-borne Gram-negative bacterium, Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000, was cloned and overexpressed in E. coli. The resulting product incorporated a (His) 6 tag was purified to homogeneity from the harvested cell extracts by affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE showed that the polypeptide exhibited an approximate molecular mass of 38 kDa. The optimal temperature and pH for gentisate cleavage catalyzed by the enzyme were 30 ℃ and 7.5, respectively. The K_m of the enzyme was determined to be 56 μmol/L. The pI was 4.6-4.8. The active site of the gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase with gentisate was also modeled.

A Flux Footprint Model for Large Aperture Scintillometer

PENG Guliang,CAI Xuhui,LIU Shaomin

2007, 43(6):  822-827. 

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The large aperture scintillometer (LAS) is a versatile instrument to measure area-average heat fluxes over heterogeneous surface. In order to analyze the source area of LAS data, a new Eulerian analytical footprint model is developed. The parameters of the LAS footprint are discussed in detail and some outcome of the model application over a heterogeneous field experiment are shown. The good agreement of the results demonstrates that this footprint model is an effective and practical tool for complex surface study.

Method of Technology Choosing of Municipal Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal Ⅰ. Model Study

ZHAO Yan,SI Jitao,TIAN Baoguo,WANG HongtaoLU Wenjing

2007, 43(6):  834-838. 

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The aim of this study is to identify the pollution control technology system of municipal solid waste (MSW), and to provide a practical method of technology choosing of MSW treatment and disposal. Five main elements (C, H, O, N, S) were chosen to analyze the material and elementary flow of MSW by integrating the key technologies of MSW treatment and disposal. Many analysis methods such as Analytic Utility Process, Analytic Hierarchy Process, Analytic Uncertainty Process and Analytic Information Integration Process, were used to construct a material flow and economy optimization model. The assumed conditions, boundary conditions and initial conditions were defined, and the methods of Mento-Carlo numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis were studied. The optimization method can be used practically in the decision making of MSW treatment and disposal technology.

Study on Choices of Allocation Methods for Total Emissions of Air Pollutants in Different Economic Regions of China

LIU Na,XIE Shaodong

2007, 43(6):  803-807. 

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Based on the principle of fair allocation, the five fundamental influencing factors affecting the allocation of the total air pollutant emissions were put forward. They were the status of emission sources，the environmental behavior of emission-generating enterprises，the economic contribution of emission sources to regional or city economy，the environmental impact of emission sources and their location, respectively. Then the influencing factors implied by current allocation methods were analyzed, followed by the evaluation of the fairness, rationality and applicability of the existing allocation methods. Results showe that there has been no method considering all these influencing factors so far, and the fairness of the existing methods is relative under the definite historical conditions. Therefore the appropriate allocation methods for local regions should be chosen according to different levels of economic development and requests for environmental management. Hence, suggestions for how to choose suitable methods for different economic regions to control air pollutant emissions were put forward.

Preliminary Study of Alluvial Pebbles on High Terraces of the Yellow River from Baode to Kehu in Shanxi-Shaanxi Gorge

LIU Yunming,LI YouliLv Honghua,SI Supei,ZHAO Hongzhuang

2007, 43(6):  808-815. 

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Seven river terraces are recognized based on detailed field investigation in the Heiyukou area, Shanxi-Shaanxi Gorge of the Yellow River, of which the highest T7 and T6 terraces are covered by red clay. The lithology and grain size of pebbles on different terraces along the river are studied. It is found that the lithology of pebbles on the sixth and seventh terrace is similar to that of lower Yellow River terraces and floodplain in the Heiyukou area, but different from that of Weifen River, a tributary of the Yellow River running from east to west. The limestone pebbles, which are dominant pebbles in Baode area, not only become less in amount, but become smaller in grain size from the upstream to the downstream. This indicates that the pebbles of Late Tertiary are the relic of an ancient river running from north to south. Magnetostratigraphy study shows that the bottom age of the strata, 70 m fine sands in lower part and red clay in the upper part, covering on the pebbles of the T7 terrace is about 6.8 Ma, and the bottom age of the red clay covering on the T6 terrace is about 3.3 Ma. This indicates that the ancient river formed at least before 6.8 Ma in this area, and the age of T6 (3.3 Ma) matches well with Phase A of Qinghai-Xizang Movement. There is about 160 m incision in this area after Phase A of Qinghai-Xizang Movement. The average incision rate is more than five times faster than that before Phase A of Qinghai-Xizang Movement.

An On-Line Method of Measuring Gaseous Ammonia and Ammonium in Aerosol in Atmosphere

DONG Huabin,ZENG Limin

2007, 43(6):  816-821. 

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An ammonium detection module was developed to measure the concentration of ammonia in gas phase and ammonium in aerosols. Connecting with gas & aerosol collector (GAC) system, the module could perform online measurements. This paper introduced the configuration and the running procedure of the module and showed the result of condition experiments. The module was applied to the observation of air quality in Guangzhou and compared with PILS system. The correlation coefficient(R) between the module and PILS was 0.820 7. If just night data was analyzed, the coefficient was 0.970 3. Possiblely the measurement was interfered by temperature. The NH₄⁺concentration in PM_2.5 which was measured by the module was 92% of that in PM₁₀ which is measured by PILS. It illustrated that ammonium was mainly in fine particles.

Relationship between Talking about Others While Reminiscing and the Emergence of Theory of Mind in Chinese Preschoolers

LU Huijing,SU Yanjie

2007, 43(6):  847-854. 

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To illustrate the relationship between the content of reminiscing and the ability of reasoning others? mental state, 74 children of 3-to 4-year-old were asked to talk about their experience and complete a set of theory of mind tasks. The results showed that compared to those of previous western researches, Chinese children mentioned little about emotion and mental state; children who mentioned larger number of other individuals in their autobiographical memory, showed better performance on theory of mind task, even when age and language ability were partial out. Chinese children are used to talk about past events in the interaction with others, and such reminiscing pattern may correlate to children?s ability of reasoning about others? mental state. These results may suggest the impact of culture on autobiographical memory.

Dynamic Modeling of Organic Removal of Surface Water Using Bio-Ceramic Filter

WANG Xiaoyan,XIE Shuguang,SHI Dongwen

2007, 43(6):  855-857. 

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Bio-ceramic filter is one of the most widely used surface water treatment units in China. However, there is no simple and practical model to guide engineering design or aid the investigation of feasibility. According to the inner characteristics of fluid motion of bio-ceramic filter, plug-flow reactor model was applied to simulate organic removal of surface water. Moreover, the model was verified using the experimental data, based on the treatment of two surface waters with greatly different degree of organic pollution using pilot-scale bio-ceramic filter. The result indicates that plug-flow reactor model with first-order reaction could ideally simulate the COD_Mn removal using bio-ceramic filter.

Study of Directed Forgetting by Using Messages Related Item as Cues

YANG Zhixin,XIE Weishi

2007, 43(6):  858-862. 

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The experiment was designed to explore the effect of directed forgetting, by using messages related item as cues to indicate whether the presented item was a word to be forgotten (TBF) or to be remembered (TBR). When the perceptual feature of the words was used as cue, both recall and recognition memory were better for TBR than for TBF words, but when the semantic feature of the words was used as cue, only recall memory was better for TBR than for TBF words. In addition to these findings, the effect of directed forgetting in perceptual condition was more than that in semantic condition.

Remediation of Soil Contaminated with Oil Pollutants by Ex-Situ Chemical Washing

JI Guodong,ZHOU Guohui

2007, 43(6):  863-871. 

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Chemical washing applied to the remediation of soil contaminated with oil pollutants is a new technique developed in recent years. Application of ex-situ chemical washing technology in remediation of soil contaminated with oil pollutants and the corresponding progress are described in detail. This paper focuses on characteristics of washing technology, mechanisms of chemical washing, selection of washing agent and influencing factor of washing efficiency. Problems and technical difficulties in remediation of oil contaminated soil by chemical washing and the prospect of further research and application are also presented.