Table of Content

20 November 2004, Volume 40 Issue 6

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Synthesis and Crystal Structure of(R)-2-Hydroxymethyl-1-aza-4-thiaspiro［4.5］decane

WANG Hui,PEI Weiwei,ZHANG Shiwei,SUN Guobin

2004, 40(6):  849-854. 

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The title compound C₉H₁₇NOS was synthesized and its crystal structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal is orthorhombic system, space group P2₁2₁2₁ with parameters a=0.670 4(1) nm, b=0.816 7(2) nm,c=1.826 7(4) nm, V=1.000 0(3) nm³, Z=4, Mr=187.30, Dc=1.244 g/cm³, F(000)=408, μ(MoK^α)=0.279 mm^－1. The structure was solved by direct met hods and refined by full matrix least squares to the final R=0.029 5, wR=0.064 2. X-ray analysis reveals that the compound is a single spiral compound. The six-membered ring which is composed of C (1), C (2), C (3), C (4), C (5), and C (6) is chair conformatio n. The fivemembered ring which is composed of C (1), S, C (7), C (8), and N is half-chair conformation. Crystal structural analysis shows that intermolecular hydrogen bonds occur between hydroxyl group and nitrogen atom.

The Influence of Water-Flooding Development on Reservoir Properties of the No.2 Member of Shahejie Formation of Tuo 30 Fault Block in Shengtuo Oilfield

WANG Meina,LI Jihong,GUO Zhaojie,WANG Weifeng

2004, 40(6):  855-863. 

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On the basis of drill-core samples observation and study on rock thin section, cast section, SEM and mercury penetration curves, the microcosmic characteristics of reservoir and the parameter changes on lithology, phys ical properties and oiliness in different water-flooding development periods of Tuo 30 fault block are systematically analyzed. The main rock type of the reservoir is feldspar sandstone and its component maturity and structure maturity are low to middle. Cements are clay and carbonate. Tiny throats are developed. Four kinds of pore structures are distinguished, including super-high pore, super-high seepage and super-coarse throat type,high pore, high seepage and coarse throat type, high pore, middle to high seepage and middle coarse throat type and middle to high pore, middle to low seepage and thin coarse throat type. The study shows that water-flooding development improved the microstructure to some extent. It widens the biggest pore throat radius and concentrates its distribution, increases porosity and seepage rate, reduces the clay content and accordingly enlarges the median grain diameter. The relationship between clay contents and porosity rates is negative linear correlation, while the one between seepage rates and median grain diameters is positive correlation.

Elementary Discussion of Taphonomic Environmentof Guanling Fauna,Guizhou Province, China

SUN Zuoyu,HAO Weicheng,JIANG Dayong

2004, 40(6):  864-871. 

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Petrological samples collected from the Upper Triassic Wayao Formation bearing t he Guanling Fauna,located in Xinpu area of Guanling County, Guizhou rovince, were observated under microscope. Three kinds of lithology can be distinguished on the basis of the bio-abundance. Considering the bio-assemblage of the Guanling Fauna, its taphonomic environment characteristics can be concluded as follows: the sea water was relatively deep, lower energy, peachful and anoxic condition with normal paleosalinity and warmer climate. In addition, the distributions of the conodontParagondolella and the bivalve Halobia confirm the taphonomic environment and indicate the occurrence of the anoxic event as well. The study of paleoredox markers and fossil diversity finds two main significant factors. One is the fine grain and compact texture of marly lime stone bearing the Guling Fauna, which makes the remains deposit nearly intact. The other is the layer of reptile and crinoid fossils coincide well with w(Ce)/w(La) value over 2.0 and increasing positively, which reveals a high anoxic condition just like a protecting cover which keep the remains out of the oxygen.

Structural and Sedimentary Features in Zanda Basin of Tibet

WANG Weiliang,ZHANG Jinjiang,ZHANG Bo

2004, 40(6):  872-878. 

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Zanda basin, located in the outhwestern Tibetan Plateau, was developed in the inner of Himalayas. The northeastern border of Zanda basin is the Ayila Rij yu thrust, while its northwestern boundary is the Qusum detachment fault. As the controlling structure, the southern Tibetan detachment system (STDS) formed the southwestern boundary of the Zanda basin. In the basin, there developed a series of Neogene strata, which can be divided into two segments. The lower segment is composed of interlayering fluvial and lake deposits, whereas the upper segment consists exclusively of lake sediments. The lower segment can be divided into three sedimentary cyclothems that is marked by the occurrence conglomerate. The lake deposits in the upper segment are almost composed of latilamina mudstone. The dominant tectonics controling the formation of the Zanda basin is extensional, but this basin experienced contraction perpendicular to the orogen at the same time.

Characteristics and Implications of Micro-FTIR Spectroscopy of "Barkinite" from Upper Permian Coals, South China

YU Haiyang,SUN Xuguang,JIAO Zongfu

2004, 40(6):  879-885. 

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Based on the high-purity coal macerals separating and concentrating, Micro-FTIR technique was used to investigate the chemical compositions and struc tures of barkinite from Late Permian coals in South China, and parallel stu dies were also carried out on vitrinite, fusinite and sporinite from the Jurassic coals in Turpan basin, Northwest China. The results show that the Micro-FTIR spectra of barkinite and sporinite are very similar, the chemical structures of them are mainly composed of long aliphatic-side chain, and minor amounts of arom atic compounds; whereas vitrinite and fusinite are mainly composed of aromatic compounds, in addition to a few aliphatic compounds. The IR characteristics indicate that barkinite and sporinite are all the best oil source macerals, with high hydrocarbon-generating potential; vitrinite is one of the gas source macerals with lower hydrocarbon-generating potential; fusinite has the lowest hydrocarb on generating potential. The high hydrocarbon-generating potential of barkinite is important for exploring oil and gas sources from barkinite-rich coals in South China.

Discussion on Mesozoic-Cenozoic Evolution of Tian Shan and Its Adjacent Basins

FANG Shihu,GUO Zhaojie,ZHANG Zhicheng,WU Chaodong

2004, 40(6):  886-897. 

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This paper discussed the main Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic-events, basin evolution, thermochronology and crustal shortening of Tian Shan and its adjacent basins.The basins of south and north Tian Shan have underwent various dynamics stages in Mesozoic-Cenozoic era. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic strata in the basins of south and north Tian Shan showed much information about tectonic e volution. Conglomeratic sedimentation of the latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous is consistent with the amalgamation at south margin of Eurasia block, and that of late Cenozoic is related to the India-Asia collision during late Oligocene to early Miocene. So far, the thermochronology data about Mesozoic-Cenozoic cooling events can be divided into three stages: early cretaceous, late OligoceneMiocene and after Pliocene. These thermochronology data is the direct notes of tectonics events in the latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous and late Cenozoic. Tian Shan rose quickly during these two periods. Sedimentologic and thermochronological information proved that Tian Shan Area was active in tectonics during the latest Jurassicearliest Cretaceous and late Cenozoic, which were the signs of transformation of basin types. Tarim basin and Junggar basin have the same evolution history: intra-continent faulteddepression basin in Jurassic, intra-continent depression basin from Cretaceous to Eocene,and Rejuvenated foreland basin form Neocene to Quaternary. The deformation of Tian Shan was propagating form west to east, which have illustrated by rate of crustal shortening, timetransgression of Xiyu Conglomerate, and GPS observations. The differential deformation of Tian Shan was related to northward extrusion of Pamir Syntaxis.

The Issues of Application for the Fission Track Dating and Its Geological Significance

ZHANG Zhicheng,WANG Xuesong

2004, 40(6):  898-905. 

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Unlike most methods of radiometric dating, fission track dating measures the effect, rather than the products, of radioactive decay events. External detector dating method can calculate individual grain ages. There are three assembled ages for single sample, which are pooled age, mean age and central age. It is very important that the fission track ages have no unambiguous geological significance. Tracks are randomly oriented in three dimensional space. However, the measurements of track density used in age eterminations are based on a two dimensional sample of tracks intersecting an internal surface. With the increasing of the temperature, the fission tracks are progressively shortened from their ends, resulting in a reduction in the observed area density of the tracks and therefore a reduction in the measured fission track age. Because the fission track age is associated with the length of tracks, the length and distribution of tracks are the most important parameters in the fission track analysis. By modelling of thermal histories from apatite fission track data, the thermal histories of samples can be reconstructed.

Spatial Process Modeling

GAO Yong,WU Lun,LIU Yu

2004, 40(6):  914-921. 

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Complex spatial processes are always involved in large GIS applications. A well-defined spatial process helps to the modeling and implementation of spatial applications to achieve more effective plans and managements. By ana lyzing the main characteristics, the formalized definition and the meta-model of spatial process are presented. A spatial process is mapped to a directed graph with spatial activity nodes and process data nodes linked by flows. These elements and their relationships drive the control flows and data flows within the context of spatial application logic. To maintain the validity and compatibility and prevent the incorrect information and process logic, integrity constraints of spatial processes are also discussed, in which spatial semantic constraints play the core role. As a result, spatial process modeling can be well standardiz ed and supported. And workflow technologies can be integrated to manage and control complex GIS applications.

Augment Reality Geographical Information System

SUN Min,CHEN Xiuwan,ZHANG Feizhou,ZHENG Hongwei

2004, 40(6):  906-913. 

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The combination of Geographical information System (GIS) and Augment R eality (AR) technologies would promote the development of outdoor AR systems, and also would explore a new research direction for Geographical Information Science (GISs). The result of this combination is called Augment Reality Geographical Information System (ARGIS). The Authors put forward its specific concept, constitution and research framework, and discuss them in detail. In addition, the authors expatiate its research background, related research works, and the important significance of its development.

Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Heihe River Basin During the Period of 1988-2000

MENG Jijun,WU Xiuqin,LI Zhengguo

2004, 40(6):  922-929. 

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Taking composite Landsat 5 TM (Thematic Mapper) images of band 4，3 and 2 take n in 1988 and 2000 respectively as data sources，this investigation carried out studies on land use / land cover changes（LUCC）in Heihe River Basin according to land resources classification system of 1∶100 000 in Resources and Environmental Data base of Chinese Academy of Science．The results show that great changes have taken place in land use/land cover in Heihe River Basin during the period of 1988-2000：（1） Changes of land use structure show that cropland and urban and constructed land increased; but water body and grassland decreased．These changes reflect the deterioration of the eco-environment and the acceleration of urbanization，and also present the problems existing in the arrangement of water and land resources between upper and lower reaches of Heihe River．（2） Regional differences of land use/land cover are evident．In the upper reaches，water area decreased，and grassland and unused land increased to a great extent；however,the changes of forestland and urban land were not evident.In the middle reaches，cultivated land and urban land increased greatly．On the contrary，grassland decreased rapidly．In the lower reaches，water area shrank obviously，grassland degraded seriously，unused land increas ed largely，and the ecoenvironment was badly destroyed．The causes of LUCC and the approaches realizing sustainable land use were probed．

Spatial-Temporal Variation and Accumulation Effect of Air Pollutants over Beijing Area

ZHANG Rui,CAI Xuhui,SONG Yu

2004, 40(6):  930-938. 

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Spatial and temporal variation of PM₁₀and SO₂over Beijing area is obtained by analysis of monitoring data in 1999 and 2000. Random walk simulations are carried out to reveal impact of the urban emission to whole simulation domain. Accumulation effect of air pollutants in this area is also discussed. Results show that 1) Spatial distribution of PM₁₀and SO₂concentration is centered to urban area of Beijing and characterized by distinct diurnal and seasonal variation. 2) Diurnal variation of air pollutant concentration in urban area differs o bviously from that in clean station Dingling (background site). The former peaks twice in a day while the latter has a single peak. 3) Conditional statistics of monitoring data with the support of the random walk simulations show evident in fluence of urban emission to the clean station, Dingling. 4) Air pollutants may accumulate essentially over the simulation domain in winter, with a time scale 2-5 days approximately. The advection-diffusion factor plays a crucial role in the local accumulation process of air pollutants.

Numerical Simulation of Heavy Dust-Particulate Dispersion in Convective Boundary Layers

CAI Xuhui,CHEN Jiayi

2004, 40(6):  939-949. 

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Dispersion of heavy dust-particulate was simulated by means of a Lagran gian stochastic model with turbulence fields of convective boundary layers (CBL) derived from a large-eddy simulation model. Three geostrophic winds of 0.0, 2.0 and 4.0 m•s^-1were used for the CBL simulations. And three gravity falling velocities of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 (which corresponded to mineral dust diameters of 53, 80 and 104 μm, respectively) were employed to represent gravity effect of dust particulate. The model results were compared well with previous works of water tank experiments and numerical modelings for neutral particle diffusion. Diffusion of small particle (53μm) behaved in CBL similar to the neutral one, while the large particle (104μm) could hardly be carried to upper part of the CBL. An interesting result was that strong wind in CBL seemed to benefit heavy particle falling to the surface, if other atmospheric conditions kept the same. This phenomenon need to be verified by observation.

A Review of the Exploration of Gas Hydrate

LIU Ying,SHI Ge

2004, 40(6):  984-992. 

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Gas hydrate is a kind of potential huge energy. It is important to develop gas hydrate exploration and get its distribution and reservoir volume, which plays a critical role to develop Chinese gas hydrate industry. The international gas hydrate investigation and research have a tendency of multi-subject and multi-technology, but the exploration of gas hydrate in China is still at the stage of beginning. The international geological, geophysical and geochemical gas hydrate exploration technology were reviewed,especially gas hydrate research situation in China.

Studies on Acute Toxicity Effects of Heavy Metal Pollutants Collected from the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers

CHENG Bingqi,MA Mei,WANG Zijian,CHEN Jingsheng,HONG Song

2004, 40(6):  950-956. 

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Natural freshwater sediment and water column samples were collected from Wuhan section along the Yangtze River and Zhengzhou section along the Yellow river in Oct. 2000. These sediment samples were spiked with Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd. The water column and the interstitial waters were spiked with Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni in the laboratory. The Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. Q-67 and the cladoceran Daphnia magna were introduced as test species in both solid- and liquid- phases toxicity bioassays. Based on the EC₅₀/LC₅₀measured and calculated in bioassays, the toxicity differences of the sediment and water column samples between the representative sections along the Yangtze and Yellow rivers were evaluated. The natural water column and the natural interstitial waters from both sections have no acute toxicity effects on the Vibrio qi nghaiensis sp. Q-67, however, the 96 h acute toxicity effect of natural sediment from the Yangtze river on Daphnia magna is evident. The acute toxicity effects of all the five heavy metals-spiked interstitial waters collected from the Yangtze river are lower than the Yellow river counterparts, however, the acute to xicity effects of Zn-spiked and Ni-spiked overlying water samples collected from the Yangtze river are higher than the Yellow river counterparts. As for the heavy metals-spiked sediments from the Yangtze river, the toxicity differences amo ng the four heavy metals on Daphnia magna are Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb(in descending order).

Changes of Santun River and Hutubi River (Xinjiang, China) in the Past 300 Years

ZHANG Li,HAN Guanghui,YAN Dongkai

2004, 40(6):  957-970. 

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The changes of river system in the Arid Area are major aspects of env ironmental evolvement and are related to other aspects closely. To research the process of rivers system changes is the first step to study the environmental evolvement of the Arid Area. The watercourse location of Santun River and Hutubi River was reconstructed in different historical periods by re-analysis on historic al materials, historical maps, historical files, being combined with the modern scientific achievements on climatology, hydrology and remote sensing images. The main results are (1) Santun River and Hutubi River belonged to one river system, which was one of inpouring rivers to Manas Lake before 20^thcentury; (2) Santun River and Hutubi River were apart in the first 20 years of 20^thcentury due to the reduction of the two rivers' current and the change of the rivers' courses; (3) all courses of Santun River and Hutubi River were fixed by Human being in the last 50 years; (4) precipitation changes in the north slope of Tianshan Mountain play the main role in the river system changes of Santun River and Hutubi River in the end of 19^thcentury and at the beginning of 20^thcentury; (5) human activiy is the main cause of the river system changes of Santun River and Hutubi River in the last 50 years.

Deformation of Manas River Terraces and Neotectonics in Northern Front of the Tianshan Mountains

SHI Xingmin,YANG Jingchun,LI Youli,NAN Feng

2004, 40(6):  971-978. 

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The Manas River is the largest stream across rows of active reverse fault and fold in the north margin of Tianshan Mountains. Eight terraces had developed along the Manas River. Based on the field survey, the distribution, the arched deformation and the dislocation of the river terraces have been studied. The deformation characteristics of these river terraces suggest that the piedmont anticline and the Manas fold have been uplifted at all time. The center of the upheaval migrated from south to north in the process. F₁active reverse fault develops in the northern limb of the Manas fold. F₂active reverse fault situates near the core of the Manas fold. The dislocation of river terraces shows that the F₂fault has two periods activity and the F₁fault has four periods activity at least.

Some Developments in Autobiographical Memory Research

YANG Hongsheng

2004, 40(6):  1001-1010. 

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Function approach in autobiographical memory research and the results of research on the neural mechanism of autobiographical memory were summarized. New approach finds that autobiographical memory has self, social and directive functions. Research on its neural mechanism shows that autobiographical memory is located in temporal lobe and hippocampus. However, there is great inconsistency between the results of these two fields: neuropsychology research finds that autobiographical memory is mainly the function of right temporal lobe and hippocampus while brain imaging research shows that the primary activation occurrs in left temporal lobe and hippocampus during autobiographical event retrieval. There is no discussion or explanation about this inconsistency yet. Given the small number of neuroimaging studies and its inconsistent data, it would be better to compare the results gathered in the two different fields when there are more neuroimaging studies in the future.

Biomass Change in Biological Aerated Filter at Low Temperatures

XIE Shuguang,ZHANG Xiaojian,WANG Zhansheng

2004, 40(6):  979-983. 

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The changes of attached heterotrophic and nitrifying biomass in biological aerated filter (BAF) at low temperatures were investigated. At low water temperatures, even below 1℃, heterotrophic biomass could incre ase greatly, however, the increase was inhibited by the availability of biodegradable organic substrate. For nitrifying biomass in BAF the ammonia concentration was not inhibitory, but its increase was seriously hampered by low temperature. The inhibitory effect of low temperature on nitrifying biomass was more pronounced than that on heterotrophic biomass.

Classification and Framework Features of Tunnel Structure Minerals

LIU Yingxin,QIN Shan,LIU Rui,LU Anhuai

2004, 40(6):  993-1000. 

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The definition and classification of tunnel structure minerals are prop osed. The framework characteristics for typical tunnel structure minerals are described in detail, such as natrolite, laumontite, phillipsite, chabazite, mordenite, palygorskite, sepiolite, beryl, hemimorphite, pyrolusite, ramsdellite, cryptomelane, psilomelane, todorokite, manganite, cacoxenite, beryllonite and patite, which belong to silicate, manganese oxide and hydroxide minerals and phosphate respectively. The effects of surface absorption, tunnel structure and catalytic reaction, which were applied in the field of harnessing contamination and remedying environment, are also discussed. The tunnel minerals will play important roles in the future development of the exploitation of environmental properties, chemical and microbial modifications as well as synthetic tunnel structure minerals.