Table of Content

20 March 2004, Volume 40 Issue 2

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Fractal Method Characterizing the Non-linear Distribution of Sandstone Bodies

HOU Guiting,WANG Wenming,YANG Mohan

2004, 40(2):  184-188. 

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Fractal theory and fractal geostatistics are introduced, and the fractal distribution of sand body in Yushulin oil field, Daqing, is simulated by the fractal interpolation program, based on the fractal geostatistics. The practical and feasible method modeling the nonlinear distribution of reservoir heterogeneity is proposed for the oil field development.

Preprocessing of Volcanic Rocks and Its Influence to Age of K-Ar Dating

LIU Yulin,JIN Xiaohong,LEI Yongliang,MIAO Guojun,HUANG Baoling

2004, 40(2):  189-192. 

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K-Ar and Ar-Ar dating is one of the best dating method to Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic rocks. Appropriate size and preprocessing procedure are important for the method to get good data. 60～80 mesh (0.28～0.18mm) sample size is needed for both the need of homogeneity of a sample and to remove atmospheric argon contamination. Thin nitric acid is used to remove out the carbonatization of fresh volcanic rocks. For slightly altered rocks, 6% hydrofluoric acid is needed to etch the rocks and the age would be change up to 20% comparing to original rocks. Magnetic separation can remove the influence of xenocrysts and its age could lower 5%～10%.

Ornamented Tubes from Middle Cambrian of Huayuan, West Hunan, China

ZHU Caifa,LI Guoxiang,DONG Xiping

2004, 40(2):  193-202. 

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The problematic phosphatic tubular microfossils with ornamented sculptures documented herein were collected from limestones of the Middle Cambrian Huaqiao Formation in the Paibi section, Huayuan County, Hunan Province, China. Three morphological patterns, including Ornamented Tube Form Ⅰ, Ornamented Tube Form Ⅱ and Ornamented Tube Form Ⅲ are described, and their biological affinities are briefly discussed. Based on the features of ornamented sculptures of the fossils, the authors tentatively suggest that these ornamented tubes may represent carapace spines of some Cambrian bradoriid crustaceans.

Analysis of Acoustic Waveform Log for Oil/Gas Reservoir Assessment

SHEN Wenlüe,SHI Ge,WU Yueqi

2004, 40(2):  203-211. 

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Acoustic waveform log includes abundant information, including velocities, amplitudes, frequencies and waveforms of borehole acoustic wave series, which are closely related to rock properties of the stratum. Based on the theory of borehole acoustic wave propagation and the technology of digital information analysis, the authors developed a PC software for synthetic fullwave logging analysis by using C++ Builder, which has been proved effective in assessment of carbonatite reservoir in Tarim.

Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Nanodiamond: Raman Spectroscopy Study

GUO Yanjun,ZHENG Zhe,FENG Youli,LI Yongzhang

2004, 40(2):  212-215. 

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Nanodiamond treated by neutron irradiation is studied by Raman spectroscopy. The energy of the fast neutron flow is 0.5～10MeV. The diamonds were irradiated at temperature about 45 ℃ up to doses of 10¹⁶～10¹⁷ n·cm^-2. After irradiation, the Raman band assigns to sp³ diamond near 1326 cm^-1move to lower wavenumber and its half width increased. And the Raman spectroscopy also shows that affected by the energy induced by neutron flow, some the sp² graphite phase in nanodiamond powder transform to sp³ diamond during the irradiation process.

The Discovery of a New Species of Jadeite

LI Ping,CUI Wenyuan

2004, 40(2):  241-246. 

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A new species of jadeite-eclogitic jade from Myanmar, consisting mainly of garnets and omphacites, has been identified, which is a new member of the sort of omphacitic jade, and is also a new type of eclogites. It is dark green with light yellow-green dots and similar to omphacitic jade in other gemological properties. The eclogitic jade has been studied under the investigations of EMP, XRD and IR analyses in details.

Features and Dynamics for Structure Deformation of Yinan Gas Field in Kuqa Basin, Northwestern China

HE Guangyu,LU Huafu,LI Shuxin,YANG Shufeng

2004, 40(2):  247-252. 

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The characteristics and dynamic mechanism for structure deformation of the Yinan gas field of Kuqa basin in northwestern China are presented systematically. The Yishen anticline that the Yinan gas field located at is a vast duplex at great depths that was engendered by four reverse faults dipping to the north in turn, but the Yiqikilike anticline above is a faultpropagation fold that was mainly engendered by Yiqikeleke fault, one reverse fault dipping to the north. The Yishen and Yiqikelike anticlines started to develop since the sedimentary period of Kangcun Formation of Miocene Epoch in Neogene under the influence of the impact between the India and Eurasia continents that happened since the end of Eocene. The processes of structure deformation happened at multi-phases. The anticline and the faults that brought the anticline into forming are composed of 4～6 segments, they extend NEE as a whole, but EW in parts. The direction, which present sinister lateral strike-slip and hold a left rank intersect at a sharp angle, indicate that the main force comes from the stress force of SN. The stress gave birth to the thrust faults and anticline, and the sinister lateral strike-slip component derived from the stress forces bring them turning in the corner.

Analysis on Tectonic Setting and Exhumation of Hengshan HP-Granulites

ZHANG Zhiqiang,LI Jianghai,HUANG Xiongnan,NIU Xianglong

2004, 40(2):  253-264. 

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HP(high pressure)-granulites are very important for understanding compositions of lower continental crust and tectonism. A neoarchean tectonic model of the North China is built by analysing on setting and exhumation of Hengshan HP-granulites, correlation between Hengshan metamorphic terrain and Wutai metamorphic terrain. The studies of p-T-t path the HP granulites show that it experienced p and T increasing during the subduction of the continental crust at first, and then, uplift in a way of clockwise ITD and cooling in a way of IBC, and finally exhumed. The studies of geological relations between Hengshan metamorphic terrain and Wutai metamorphic terrain confirm that they were actually the coupled and represented the island-arc root zone and shallow crust respectively. There are many kinds of conglomerates in Wutai foreland basin. Many evidences show age of Wutai foreland basin is 2.5 Ga. It is suggested that HP-granulites and Wutai foreland basin were formed during a "Andes type" subduction-collision. The western block collision with the eastern block occurred at 2.5Ga.

Water Balance of the SWAT Model and Its Application in the Suomo Basin

CHEN Junfeng,CHEN Xiuwan

2004, 40(2):  265-270. 

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SWAT model is a distributed hydrological model, which was based on GIS. It got frequent development and application in recent years. SWAT model was developed to simulate varying hydro-physical processes including water, sediment and agricultural chemical yields in large complex watersheds. The water balance of the SWAT model was expatiated and it was applied to simulate the rainfall-runoff relationship in the Suomo Basin in order to reveal the impact of climate fluctuation and land-cover changes on hydrology. The result was that, from the 1960s to the 1990s, 1/5-runoff change was caused by land-cover change and 3/5～4/5-runoff change was caused by climate fluctuation.

The Method for Modeling on Spatial Dynamic Process

MA Xiujun,WU lun,XIE Kunqing

2004, 40(2):  279-286. 

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A methodology for modeling spatial dynamic processes based on GIS is proposed. It includes rules of space-time discretization, theory of spatial interaction process and methods of timer control. Based on the theory, some spatial-temporal representation schemas are presented to expand into Map Algebra of GIS, add operation primitives to express data models of spatial interaction process, and thus provide an algorithmic basis for GIS to support spatial dynamic model. And a GIS component (named DynamicGC), which supports spatial dynamic modeling, is designed and implemented. The design refers to the OpenGIS specifications and uses OLE/COM technology. DynamicGC can be used in such developing environment as VB, Dephi, Visual C++, VBA and a variety of script languages (VBSCRIPT, JAVASCRIPT). The classical “life game” of cellular automaton is implemented under VBA environment as an application example of using DynamicGC components to build spatial dynamic model.

Assessment of Tourism Resources in the Rutog Area of Tibet:
Based on an Analytic Hierarchy Process

WANG Jihua,GUO Huaicheng,Richard Dawson,WANG Lijing

2004, 40(2):  287-295. 

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The assessment of tourism resources can provide both a better understanding of issues as well as suggesting options for further effective and scientific exploitation. An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach is described and applied to an assessment of tourism resources in the Rutog Area of Tibet, China. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the Rutog Area, an assessment model tree was designed to assess the relative importance of factors from an AHP perspective. Following consistency validation, the relative importance of each factor was calculated and a fuzzy score assigned. The fuzzy score was then combined with importance order to analyze tour quality, key factors, and tour potential. Subsequently, the results and analysis provide a better insight into contributing issues as well as suggestions for future exploitation in the area.

UML-G: An Object-riented Modeling Language for Geographical Information Applications

LIU Yu,LIN Baojia,TANG Dashi

2004, 40(2):  271-278. 

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At present, object-oriented technology is widely used in GIS research and software development, besides of the advantages that object-oriented technology brings to software analysis and design, it also benefit the data modeling of GIS. UML-G, an OO modeling language for geographic information applications, is described based on the extension mechanism provided by UML. The extension approaches include stereotypes, tagged-values and constraints. In UML-G class diagram, these three extension approaches are used to define geospatial objects and geospatial relations. The representation in UML-G of four types of objects, i.e. simple spatial object, coverage object, complex spatial object and spatio-temporal object, is discussed. For each case, the model instance is described and proves that UML-G is an efficient modeling language for GI applications. Besides geospatial objects, the representation of spatial relations is emphasized. Based on the analysis of the spatial object property, spatial relations can be regarded as derived properties, so it is not necessary to identify them during the analysis phrase. Based on the discussion, two solutions are given, one can be applied in generic GIS-platform development, and another fit for the specific GIS application development. At the end, future research work of UML-G is listed, which includes the extension for OCL and the other diagrams, such as use case diagrams, collaboration diagrams, etc.

The Application of ANN Realized by MATLAB to Underground Water Quality Assessment

LUO Dinggui,WANG Xuejun,GUO Qing

2004, 40(2):  296-302. 

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The realizing function of RBF network is provided in the toolbox of MATLAB 6.5 and the method of calculating this function possesses properties such as adaptation for determining the construction network and independence of initial weight value on person. A favorable outcome appeared after we apply this function to evaluating the quality of the underground water environment in FuZhou City, attempting to use the RAND function in MATLAB to construct enough training samples, checking samples and outputs of their targets through interpolation between grades of the water quality evaluation standard, use the PREMNMX function to pretreat the original data, determine the limits of water quality grades. The methods in this paper is meaningful in improving the precision and objectivity of underground water environment quality evaluation.

Analysis On Causes And Function of Environmental Negotiating Charge

HU Xuan,LUAN Shengji

2004, 40(2):  303-309. 

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An investigation shows that there is serious policyfailure in environmental management on industry in midwestern China, which appears as universal negotiating charging of pollutant fee. While the policyfailure is regarded as iniquity in many literatures, the authors believe such a phenomenon has theory foundations: the threshold phenomenon in pollutant treating and utility losing caused by pollutant fee system. Negotiating charge becomes the spontaneous substitution of policy in reality to make up the objections of pollutant fee system.

A Review on Black Smokers and Its Implication for Origin of Life

FENG Jun,LI Jianghai,CHEN Zheng,NIU Xianglong

2004, 40(2):  318-325. 

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The discovery of Black Smokers is one of the most important scientific achievements of global ocean science in last twenty years. Communities of highly specialized animals live in a hostile environment of high temperature, extreme pressure, complete darkness, oxygen deficient and sulphur around Black Smoker sites. Their primary producer is Archaea. The living environment of Archaea resembles the environment of early life origin. In the genome serial, Archaea is close to common ancestor of life. The system of hot fluids extended widely, therefore, thermophiles had an expansive living space. Considering the conditions of substance, environment, energy and security necessary for life origin, ideal habitats for life origin are similar to the hydrothermal environments around the Black Smokers at deep sea floor.

Mental Time Travel: Uniqueness of Episodic Memory

SUI Jie,WU Yanhong

2004, 40(2):  326-332. 

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Episodic memory is a uniquely oriented-past neurocognitive system, which consists of three central components-self, autonoetic awareness, and sense of subjective time, and which makes mental time travel possible. Episodic retrieval, different from other memory systems, accompanies autonoetic awareness. Additionally, a large number of studies have confirmed the hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry model (HERA model): left prefrontal cortex is differentially more involved than right in encoding information into episodic memory, whereas right prefrontal cortex is differentially more involved than left in episodic memory retrieval. Since episodic memory is closely relative to self and consciousness, studies on episodic memory will reveal the relationship between memory and consciousness.

A Review of Studies on Musical Illusions

ZHANG Pei,HAN Zhao

2004, 40(2):  333-340. 

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The authors reviewed the history of research work on musical illusions, and made detailed introduction as well as a summarization of research findings in the field of musical illusions made by scholars overseas. The findings can be classified into two categories: Two-channel musical illusion, including octave musical illusion and scale musical illusion; and half-octave musical illusion. The relationship between half-octave musical illusion and human language was introduced. The authors also pointed out the current development of the field of musical illusions as well as the possible approaches in the future studies.

A Review of Studies on Musical Illusions

ZHANG Pei,HAN Zhao

2004, 40(2):  333-340. 

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The authors reviewed the history of research work on musical illusions, and made detailed introduction as well as a summarization of research findings in the field of musical illusions made by scholars overseas. The findings can be classified into two categories: Two-channel musical illusion, including octave musical illusion and scale musical illusion; and half-octave musical illusion. The relationship between half-octave musical illusion and human language was introduced. The authors also pointed out the current development of the field of musical illusions as well as the possible approaches in the future studies.

The Histological Study of Granatodontus

WU Guichun,DONG Xiping

2004, 40(2):  228-231. 

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The histological characteristics of Granatodontus, one of the most primitive euconodont elements, is mainly discribed. The structures of Granatodontus is very similar to that of Proconodontus muelleri, another kind of euconodont elements presented much earlier, too. The result shows that histology study is of great taxonomic significance, especially for the primitive euconodont elements.

Petrogenesis of Neoarchean Wutaishan Granitoids and Its Geodynamic Significances

ZHANG Jian,LIU Shuwen,PAN Yuanming,LI Qiugen,CHU Zhuyin,YANG Bin

2004, 40(2):  216-227. 

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Neoarchean Wutaishan granitoids (～2.540 Ga) are mainly consisted of granodiorite, monzogranite, a little tonalite, trondhjemite. The geochemistry in whole rocks indicates that they have the characters of middle to high potassium calc-alkaline granitic magma. They exhibit the LILE enrichments and higher w(Rb)/w(Sr) ratios (Rb/Sr), relatively lower w(Sr)/w(Y) and w(La)_n/w(Yb)_n ratios, w(Nb)/w(Ta) and w(Zr)/w(Hf) ratios are similar to Chondrite, right inclined REE patterns, and Nb, Ta, Ti depletion, but all of them have the neodymium T_DM＝2.54～2.72 Ga and the evidently positive ε_Nd(t) values. These important geochemical features indicate that the calc-alkaline granitic magma formed in the Neoarchean oceanic island arc tectonic environment, derived from the partial melting of the juvenile original basaltic crust, and underwent some crystallization fractionation. The Neoarchean oceanic crust subducted to the oceanic island arc and dehydrated, caused the partial melting of the overlain mantle wedge, formed the underplating basaltic rocks underlain the island arc. These basaltic rocks were partially melted in the environment of less 37km crustal depth and formed the Neoarchean Wutaishan calc-alkaline granitic magma.

Hot-Tectonic Events and Evolution of North Margin of the North China Craton in Meso-Neoproterozoic

ZHANG Chen

2004, 40(2):  232-240. 

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Up-to-date some studies proved that there are varieties of metamorphic sedimentary-volcanic rocks, plutonic rocks and structural traces of Meso- and Neoproterozoic along north margin of the North China craton. The tectonic history of Meso-Neoproterozoic in the studied area could be summarized as follows: the extensional breaking in the early stage of the Meso-Proterozoic, the compression convergencing in the late stage of the Meso-Proterozoic, the extensional breaking in the early stage of the Neoproterozoic-Lower Paleozoic and the compression subducting in the late stage of the Lower Paleozoic. They are identified four stages representing the Meso- and Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic hot tectonical events and the ages obtained by analyzing the rock samples from north margin of the North China craton. The orogenic belt in late stage of the Meso-Proterozoic along north margin of the North China craton, mainly consists of ophiolite relics of Kaiyuan rock group, island arc volcanic rocks of Weijiagou and Bainaimiao groups, and S-type granites in the late stage of the Meso-Proterozoic. The orogenic belt in late stage of the Meso-Proterozoic along north margin of the North China craton related to other Meso-Proterocoic orogenic belts on cratons of the world will provide important constraints for reconstructing the Rodinia super-continent.