Taking Zhangjiakou City, the central city of mountainous area of northern Hebei Province, as a study area, the spatial pattern and evolution characteristics were analyzed by using land transfer matrix, land use dynamic degree and landscape index, from the aspects of quantitative structure, spatial layout, vertical gradient and landscape spatial pattern. The results were as follows. 1) There was great regional diversity in the evolution characteristics of the “production-living-ecological” (PLE) space of Zhangjiakou City. The ecological space was mainly distributed in Yanshan mountain and Taihang mountain in the east of the study area, and production-living space and production-ecological space were concentrically distributed in Yanghe river valley basin, Sanggan river basin and Huliu river basin, potential space was scattered around the central and western production-living space. 2) In the past 25 years, the PLE space of Zhangjiakou City had different degrees of mutual transformation, while the mutual transformation of ecological space and production-ecological constituted the main type of evolution of the territory space pattern. Compared with 1990–2000, the PLE space changed more frequently from 2000 to 2015. 3) The types of territorial space were more diverse in middle and lower mountain and gentle slope zones from the vertical spectrum. In the past 25 years, ecological space expanded to high-altitude and high-slope zones, while production-ecological space transferred to low-altitude and low-slope zones. 4) The landscape pattern of the PLE space in Zhangjiakou City tended to be fragmented and complicated. 5) The natural geographical environment was the natural basis and spatial carrier of the spatial distribution of the PLE. The aggravation of industrialization and urbanization, social and economic development and policy factors were the reasons for the spatial pattern changes of the PLE space in Zhangjiakou City.

“production-living-ecological” (PLE) space, multifunctional land use, evolution characteristics, the mountainous area of northern Hebei Province

以冀北山区中心城市张家口为研究区, 运用土地利用转移矩阵、土地利用动态度和景观格局指数等方法, 从空间布局、数量结构、垂直梯度和景观格局4个方面, 剖析1990—2015年张家口市“三生”空间的分布格局和演化特征, 得到如下结论。1) 张家口市“三生”空间分布的区域差异显著, 生态空间主要分布于东部的燕山余脉和南部的太行山区, 生产–生活空间和生产–生态空间集中分布于洋河河谷盆地、桑干河和壶流河流域, 潜在空间散布在中部和西部的生产–生活空间周边。2) 张家口市“三生”空间均有不同程度的相互转化, 其中以生态空间和生产–生态空间的相互转化为主要特征。与1990—2000年相比, 2000—2015年“三生”空间的相互转变更为频繁。3) 在垂直带谱上, 中低山和缓坡区域的“三生”空间类型更加多样性。研究时段的生态空间向高海拔、高坡度地带扩展, 生产–生态空间向低海拔、低坡度地带转移。4) 张家口市“三生”空间的景观格局趋于破碎化和复杂化。5) 自然地理背景是“三生”空间分布的自然基础和空间载体, 工业化、城镇化、社会经济发展和政策因素是张家口市“三生”空间格局变化的主要原因。