Table of Content

20 July 2006, Volume 42 Issue 4

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Geochronlogy and Geological Event Sequences of Hengshan-Wutai Precambrian Complex

NIU Xianglong,LI Jianghai

2006, 42(4):  439-445. 

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Large amount of isotopic age data achieved in recent 10 years in Hengshan & Wutai Mt. show that the climax value of Hengshan complex's (2520 Ma) is 20Ma less than Wutai complex's (2540 Ma), which coincides with the opinion of Hengshan complex being the arc root of Wutai arc. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the various geological records, three evolution stages have been suggested, 2.70-2.60 Ga, the formation stage of the primary crust in Hengshan & Wutai areas, 2.60-2.52 Ga (not less than 2.45 Ga), the subduction and collision stage from the East to West Block and 2.50-1.75 Ga, the evolution stage of the early overlying strata. The last one is subvided to five periods, which are: 1) 2.50-2.30 Ga, the continental plateau basalt eruption period; 2) 2.30-2.20 Ga, the stable subsidence period; 3) 2.20-2.10 Ga, the tectonic activation and the emplacement of anorgenic granite period; 4) 2.10-1.85 Ga, the mantle plume activition period? 5) 1.86-1.75 Ga, the emplacement of large scale basic dyke swarms and the decomposition of North China Craton (NCC) period.

Characteristics and Their Tectonic Environment of Late Mesoproterozoic Granitoids in the Middle Segment of North Margin of the North China Plate

ZHANG Chen,LIU Shuwen,HE Guoqi,HUANG Baoling

2006, 42(4):  451-456. 

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Granitoids in the late stage of the Mesoproterozoic along the north margin of the North China plate, are composed of biotite granites, tonalites, granodiorites and monzonitic granites. They exhibit the features of peraluminous granites, A/CNK>1.1, and are characterized by higher SiO₂, K₂O and low FeO, MgO, CaO, TiO₂, also higher Rb, K, Ta, Nd, Hf and low Nb, Sr, P, Ti in trace and minor elements. They have strong differentiation between LREE and HREE (La/Yb)_N=6.61-64.63. REE patterns have middle negative Eu anomalies. The granitoid belt is approximately EW-trenging and parallel to Mesoproterozoic island arc belt of Bainaimiao group and Weijiagou rock group and ophiolite mélanges belt of Kaiyuan rock group. The new geochemical data suggest that the Mesoproterozoic granitoids in middle segment of north margin of the North China Plate belong to syn-collisional S-type granitoids.They were produced during processes of subduction and collision between the North China Plate and Xiberia Plate in the late stage of Mesoproterozoic. This collisional event in the North China Plate may provide an essential constraint to the aggregation between the plate and others of supercontinental Rodinia.

Studies on Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) Analogues: Synthesis and Calcium Release Activity

ZHANG Lihe,ZHANG Liangren,YANG Zhenjun

2006, 42(4):  421-426. 

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Ca²⁺ signaling is one of the most important intracellular signal transduction pathways in diverse cells. Local Ca²⁺ signals are mainly due to release from internal stores and these calcium release events are controlled by various second messengers and regulated by Ca²⁺ channel-associated proteins. Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), a metabolite of NAD⁺, was discovered in 1987 and is a signaling molecule to regulate calcium mobilization via ryanodine receptors (RyR) from intracellular stores in a wide variety of biological systems. A main approach to explore the molecular mechanism of calcium release is to investigate the relationship of the structure of cADPR and cADPR analogues with their respective biological activities. In addition to the structure activity relationship, such studies result in novel antagonists and agonists which serve as the tools for mechanistic studies in the complex cellular system. This review outlines the design and discovery of structural mimics of cADPR (cIDPRE and cIDPDE) with replacement of one or both of the ribose moieties by ether bridges. Compounds of the type cIDPDE or cIDPRE may thus both be used as membrane-permeant, agonists of the cADPR/Ca²⁺ signaling system in intact cells.

Preparation of Star-Shaped Dendritic PbS Nanocrystals

CHEN Guangda,CHU Haibin,LI Xuemei,LI Yan

2006, 42(4):  427-430. 

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Star-shaped dendritic PbS nanocrystals have been synthesized by the reaction of lead acetate and thioacetamide in the presence of CTAB through a hydrothermal process at 80 ℃ for 5 h. XRD, TEM, SAED, SEM were used to characterize the products. The results show that the products were star-shaped dendritic PbS single crystals in cubic phase, and the six arms of the star extended along the six <100> directions. It has been found that the presence of the CTAB and the release rate of S^2- ions from the sulfur sources are crucial for the formation of the star-shaped dendritic PbS crystals.

High Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy Feature for the Upper Ganchaigou Formation in West Qaidam Basin

ZHANG You,DENG Rongjing,LIU Nianzhou,XU Bei

2006, 42(4):  431-438. 

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Based on Cross T.A. genetic sequence stratigraphy theory, the high resolution sequence stratigraphy for the upper Shangganchaigou Formation in West Qaidam Basin is analyzed. Through key interface recognition and logging data integrated with core analysis, the aimed segment is divided into one long term base level cycle, five intermediate term cycles and about 17 to 20 short term cycles.The deposition structure and stacking patterns,depositional faces of different level cycles in braid river-delta environment are analyzed, and also the important function of these analysis to reservoir evaluation is discussed.

Building and Application of the Debris Flow Warning System Based on Multi-Information

CONG Weiqing,PAN Mao,REN Qunzhi,LI Renfeng,LI Tiefeng

2006, 42(4):  446-450. 

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A multidisciplinary approach is adopted in order to build the warning system of rainfall-triggered debris flows. The prediction is always the emphasis of research on debris flows. But because of the complex relationship between rainfall and debris flows there is not any universal method to do research on it. An approach based on logistic regression and antecedent effective rainfall is promoted. A warning system has been built combining with hazard zonation. And a computer system has been developed based on the platform of software MAPGIS. Depending on the integrated analysis of rainfall and geologic environmental factors, an automated partition method is promoted. Then the quantified automated prediction of rainfall-triggered debris flows is achieved. The system has been applied in Anshan, Liaoning Province.

Study on the Preparation of Low Cost Organoclay from Low-Level Ca-bentonite

ZHOU Jiangong,LU Anhuai,WANG Changqiu

2006, 42(4):  457-461. 

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The organic bentonites were prepared with the low-level Ca-bentonites obtained from Jianping, Liaoning province. By means of orthogonal experiment, the optimal conditions of organic bentonites preparation are 20 g natural bentonite, 6.25 g CTMAB, 150 mL water, stirring time 3 hours, and standing time 2 days. XRD shows d(001) value of modified bentonite has increased from 1.5286 nm to 2.1567 nm, TG-DTA, and FT-IR prove organic modifiers have entered into the interlayers of the bentonites. A hydrophobic and lipophilic analysis of the modified bentonites was made. By one time modified technics, the traditional technics of organoclay preparation only by cation exchange reaction of Na-montorillonite with quaternary ammonium salt organic cation (HDTMA) are innovated and the cost of the organoclay preparation is greatly reduced.

Application of Mathematical Geology Methods to Analysis of the Sedimentary Facies of Sandstone Reservoir: An Example of the Reservoir of the Neogene in Huatugou Oilfield, Qaidam Basin

LV Honghua,XIA Zhengkai,JIANG Bo,REN Mingda,LI Youli

2006, 42(4):  462-469. 

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The analysis of the sedimentary facies of the reservoir is important for the exploration and development of one oilfield. And obvious types of facies symbols which are macro and micro are necessary to the division of the sedimentary facies. During the study of the sandstone reservoir of the Neogene in Huatugou oilfield, Qaidam Basin, on the basis of the general columnar section of the Neogene in Huatugou oilfield and the data of 2 systemic wells and 12 exploration wells, the authors have obtained some macro facies symbols helpful to divide the sedimentary facies with the Markov Main Analysis and Time-Trend Analysis, such as the cycles of the lithologic variation and the main types of the rhythm and its assemblage. Conjoint with the color, the laminations, the deformation structures, the types of the carbonate rocks and the special sediments, the authors analyzed the sedimentary facies of the Neogene reservoir in Huatugou oil field. It is concluded that (1) it is a important assistant means of ascertaining the key beds of a exploration well to obtain the cycles of the lithologic variation with Markov Main Analysis; (2) main deposits and main modes of the lithologic transference obtained by Time-Trend Analysis are helpful to ascertain the hydrodynamic condition and the evolvement process of sedimentary environment; (3) the main types of the sedimentary facies of the Neogene in the Huatugou oilfield include braided channel deltaic plain, deltaic frontal margin, fore-delta, littoral lake and shallow lake facies.

Rainfall Infiltration Process and Its Effect on Apparent Resistivity

SONG Xiaolei,HUANG Qinghua

2006, 42(4):  470-477. 

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A simple one-dimension model considering fluid movement in unsaturated soils is proposed to simulate the rainfall infiltration process and explain its possible effect on apparent resistivity of the Earth. A convolution filtering method is adopted to analyze rainfall effect on apparent resistivity. As a case study, the result of the Changli Station is reported. The study may provide information for the quantitative analysis of geoelectric observation data.

Study on Lower Spatial Resolution Image Simulation of Field Survey Data

CHEN Fang,NIU Zheng,FU Anmin

2006, 42(4):  478-483. 

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Comparaion between higher spatial resolution image and lower spatial resolution image in time serial is very helpful for the changes of land cover. During the process of acquiring field survey data, higher spatial resolution image is always set as the reference image to select sampling plots. But sometimes the data of sampling plots need to be enchased to the lower spatial resolution image to get the simulation image for the further analysis. The paper sets wheat field survey data of He Bei province and TM image data as input parameters, and designs a pixel Unmixing model to acquire the 250 meter MODIS simulation image.

Gold-Rich Mesoproterozoic Chimneys from Xinglong in Hebei and Implications for the Formation of Gold

REN Haojia,LI Jianghai,FENG Jun,NIU Xianglong

2006, 42(4):  542-547. 

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Well-preserved Mesoproterozoic chimneys and mounds were recovered from the Gaobanhe SEDEX type polymetallic sulfide deposits in Xinglong, Hebei Province, North China. Electron microprobe measurement shows the chimneys have high gold contents. The highest content of gold among 74 testing points is up to 4560 μg/g. Gold contents in different minerals and different types of pyrite reveal apparent differences. Gold-bearing assemblages are dominated by idiomorphic pyrite, which were formed during the late-stage hydrothermal activity. Analyses of fluid inclusions in calcite, quartz and sphalerite show that precipitation of gold occurred at about 170 ℃, which also represents the lower temperature limit of chimney formation. This study provides direct proof for the relationship of exhalation and gold formation, indicating that gold precipitation is closely related to late-stage, low-temperature hydrothermal fluids.

Degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenols Catalyzed by Laccase Immobilized on Chitosan

CHEN Hui,ZHANG Jianbo,WANG Weijing,YANG Yuxiang,ZONG Yueru

2006, 42(4):  484-489. 

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Research on the removal of 2,4-DCP in aqueous solution by laccase immobilized on chitosan were studied. Factors, such as pH value, temperature and adsorption on support that could influence the oxidation were discussed in detail compared with free laccase. The results indicated that the optimal pH for 2,4-DCP removal by immobilized laccase was around 5.5, lower than the free enzyme for pH 6.0. The optimum temperature of immobilized laccase was between 35℃ and 45℃, wider than the free enzyme. Adsorption of chlorophenol on support had a little effect on the degradation reaction and removal rates of chlorophenols, and the decrease of chlorophenols levels was resulted from catalyzeing for laccase. The continuous oxidation of 2,4-DCP, carried out in the static system of immobilized laccase, showed that the removal efficiency of immobilized laccase still remained over 60% after 6 cycles of operation. Thus the catalytic efficiency of laccase was greatly improved.

Effect of Iron Ions on Removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenols by Laccase in Wastewater

CHEN Song,ZHANG Jianbo,CHEN Hui,YANG Yuxiang

2006, 42(4):  490-495. 

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The effect of iron ions on degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenols by Laccase in wastewater was studied. The results indicated that the Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ inhibited the reaction catalyzed by the free enzyme, but the effect on the immobilized laccase was less than on that free enzyme. It showed that the stability of laccase had been improved after immobilization due to protection of carrier.

Application of Artificial Neural Ntwork in Urban Fringe's Sustainable Development Index Series

YU Yajuan,WANG Zhen,GUO Huaicheng,HUANG Kai,WANG Shutong,LIU Yong

2006, 42(4):  496-502. 

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Deriving from the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) theory, a framework of sustainable development (SD) indicators describing urban fringe's urbanization process was brought forward. Sustainable Development Index (ISD) series for multi-years were used to measure the regional capability of sustainability. The socio-economic-environmental grand system was considered as a grey system and artificial neural network (ANN) was applied to calculate the ISD series. Then a case study of Huiji District, Zhengzhou City was adopted for ISD assessment from the year 1987 to 2004, and uncertainty analysis was also construed. The results showed that both the framework and the ISD with ANN were suitable in reflecting its SD levels. The method is recommendable for analogous problems.

Wavelet Analysis of Rainfall Variation in the Yellow River Basin

SHAO Xiaomei,XU Yueqing,YAN Changrong

2006, 42(4):  503-509. 

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The Yellow River Basin is located in the arid and semi - arid region in the north of China, where is less river runoff and precipitation is the basis source of water resources , the basin is with seriously scarce water resources in China, even less in the world. Based on the monthly and annual rainfall data from 1961 to 2000 of 97 weather stations, the spatial structure and changes of rainfall and the multi-time scales characteristics of seasonal and annual rainfall in the past 40 a in the Yellow River Basin had been analyzed using Mexican Hat wavelet analysis in this report. The periodic oscillation of rainfall variation and the points of abrupt change at different time scales along the time series are discovered and the main periods of every serial are confirmed. It was showed that the distribution of rainfall in the Yellow River Basin had obviously regional difference, which was influenced not only by the weather system but also by the geographical environment such as topography, etc; there are obvious periodic oscillation of 8-12 a and 4-6 a for the seasonal and annual rainfalls variation. The variation trend of the summer rainfall is similar in some degree with that of the annual rainfall and both of them have the comparable main periods. The localization characteristics of time - frequency for wavelet analysis can demonstrate the detailed structures of rainfall. The wavelet analysis can be an alternative approach to analyze climate multi-time scales characteristics and forecast short-term climate variations.

On Liang Qichao's Contribution to the Diffusion of Western Modern Geography in China

XU Guiling,SITU Shangji

2006, 42(4):  510-514. 

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It expounds the contribution and influence of Liang Qichao，a representative figure of the Reform Movement of 1898, in the following aspects as introducing man-land interrelation and environmental determinism of western modern geography in the diffusion process of western technology and culture between the late of Qing Dynasty and the beginning of R.O.C. It also points out that Liang Qichao is the earliest one who made an appropriate assessment of Xu Xiake. Both were great events, but weren’t recorded in the history of Chinese geography. It is proposed that Liang Qichao's contribution should be affirmed sufficiently and be given an appropriate assessment.

Altitudinal Pattern of Species Richness and Test of the Rapoport's Rules in the Drung River Area, Southwest China

FENG Jianmeng,WANG Xiangping,FANG Jingyun

2006, 42(4):  515-520. 

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Altitudinal patterns of species richness have become a focus of ecological research. Based on regional flora and Digital Elevation Model in Drung river area, the authors explored the altitudinal patterns of species richness in the Drung river area, Southwest China. Species richness and species density deceased with an increase of elevation. A negative relationship was observed between distribution range size of species and elevation, while a reverse pattern was found between the range size and species density, and the result is consistent with the Rapoport’s rules. Species density increased with the increase of mean annual temperature, while the distribution range size of species decreased, indicating that energy is the major factor controlling the altitudinal patterns of species density.

Land Resource Conflicts and Coordination in Fast Urbanized Coastal Zone: A Case Study of the Shandong Peninsula

XU Xuegong,PENG Huifang,XU Qinzheng

2006, 42(4):  527-533. 

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Coastal zone is an interface region by geo-sphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere, and also mostly affected by human activities. Driven by urbanization, population and economic activities are fast concentrating in coastal zones, resulting in a series of land use conflicts, especially in the developing countries at economic transition time. Shandong Peninsula is located in the East China. There are six big cities along the coast of the Peninsula. They are Tsingdao, Yantai, Weihai, Rizhao, Weifang and Dongying cities. Along with fast urbanization, there are large changes in land use and land covers. From 1990 to 2003, the cultivated land all decreased in every city, other decreased land use types were grassland, water area and unused land. At the same time, constructed land, garden land and woodland increased. A series of land use conflicts issues must be envisaged. The mostly expressive are three types of conflicts: those between expanding constructed land and decreased cultivated land; those between land resource utilization and conservation; and those between increasing demand for land and degrading land quality. All in all, they reflect the fundamental conflict between short-term economic development and long-run food/ecosystem security. This paper puts forward the approach to coordinate land use conflicts: (1) updating concepts—intensive land use and smart growth, (2) planning order—construct regional security pattern firstly, (3) multi-proposals—land gross control combining rigidity and flexibility, (4) space allocation—functional restriction and compatibility, (5) mechanism and policy—communicate, participate, equitable and all winning. Through controlling the gross area of various types of land uses, improving land use efficiency, and using flexible policies, we attempt to resolve the conflicts between fast urbanization and resultant resource and environment problems, so as to realize integrated and coordinated coastal management.

Grassland Aboveground Biomass in Xinjiang

Anwar MOHAMMAT,YANG Yuanhe,GUO Zhaodi,FANG Jingyun

2006, 42(4):  521-526. 

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The authors estimated aboveground biomass in 6 grasslands of Xinjiang according to data composed of 460 plots from 92 sites in Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region. Meanwhile, the authors evaluated the relationship between aboveground biomass and environmental factors. The primary results are summarized as follows: (1) Aboveground biomass density varies significantly in different grassland type. In the steppe, desert steppe has the minimum, temperate steppe and alpine steppe has the medium, while meadow steppe has the maximum. In the meadow, montane meadow has higher aboveground biomass density than alpine meadow. (2) The total aboveground biomass in 6 grasslands of Xinjiang is 14.65 Tg C, which accounts for about 10% of China’s grassland biomass. The grassland aboveground biomass is distributed primarily in alpine steppe and alpine meadow, which accounts for 41.7%. (3) Aboveground biomass of steppe grassland is controlled by annual precipitation, while aboveground biomass of meadow grassland is determined by mean annual temperature. (4) Aboveground biomass of steppe grassland is mediated by soil moisture and soil total N content. However, no significant correlation is found between soil resource availability and aboveground biomass in meadow grassland.

Linking North Atlantic Oscillation to Stream Discharge of the Manas River, Northwestern China

NAN Feng,LI Youli,ZHANG Hongsheng

2006, 42(4):  534-541. 

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Based on the stream discharge data (1961-2001) of the Manas River in Xinjiang province and the temperature and precipitation data of nine meteorological stations in northern Xinjiang, the characteristics and laws of stream discharge, temperature, and precipitation were analyzed, which were also been made correlation analysis with North Atlantic Oscillation Index. The study shows that in winter the NAO index has positive relationships with stream discharge, while in summer the relationships are negative, and the NAO index has significant relationships with temperatures and precipitations both in winter and summer. Moreover using cross wavelet analysis, the authors found the closest oscillation periods of the relationships between the NAO index and the stream discharge of the Manas River in winter and in summer, also the characteristics of which in different timescale were analyzed.

Methods for Measurement of Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere

LI Xiaohua,LU Sihua,SHAO Min

2006, 42(4):  548-554. 

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The oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are important in tropospheric chemistry as they can influence the oxidative potential of the lower troposphere, and are precursors of the secondary organic aerosols, and have negative effects on human health. It’s very difficult to measure the ambient OVOCs due to their high reactivity and low concentration levels in the atmosphere. A number of methods have been used to quantify ambient OVOCs mixing ratios, and are discussed and compared.

Research Progress of Horizontal Gene Transfer Applied in Pollution Treatment

LIU Jiangjiang,CHEN Lüjun,WEN Donghui,WANG Jun

2006, 42(4):  555-560. 

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As the rapid development of economy, the environmental problem of the toxic refractory pollutants has been increasingly serious. By now, biological treatment is the most frequently used method, in which bioaugmentation is the best technology to cope with the refractory pollutants. However, its efficiency is not reliable. Some foreign researchers found that certain genetic elements could automatically transfer or exchange between different microbe individuals, which they called as horizontal gene transfer. In this way, the transfer of degradative gene from the donor to the indigenous microbes could increase the number of adaptable microbes greatly in the polluted site, therefore the degradation of the pollutants were strengthened. Those findings inspired a new thought for alternating the traditional bioaugmentation to solve the serious pollution caused by refractory pollutants. This paper describes the concept of horizontal gene transfer, introduces the research progress applied in the pollution treatment, and also discusses its prospect in the treatment of the toxic refractory pollutants.