Table of Content

20 November 2006, Volume 42 Issue 6

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Fabric Patterns in Three-Dimensional Deformations of Ductile Shear

ZHANG Bo,ZHANG Jinjiang,GUO Lei,QI Guowei

2006, 42(6):  708-716. 

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A new model, assuming "material extrusion along the simple-shearing direction during deformation", based on three-dimensional deformation theory and transpression model, investigates the relationships between "material extrusion along shear direction" and emerging combinations of foliation-lineation orientations, switches of foliation or lineation orientations and three-dimensional kinematic vorticity in terms of finite strains. The analysis shows that the material extrusion along shear direction will work on structural fabric patterns in tectonites. In thinning deformation, if material extrusion along vertical direction (z) is less than that along shear direction (x) (a≤1), the vertical foliation-horizontal lineation develops for the lengthening / thinning shear deformation, and the combining-patterns of foliation-lineation are independent of kinematic vorticity number (ω_k). However, in case of a>1, i.e. widening / thinning shear deformation, structural fabric patterns of shear zone are determined by two factors, namely, kinematic vorticity number (ω_k) and shortening (k) parallel to y-axis. The implications of this study are differential orientations of stretching lineations might be formed in the same transport direction of a shear zone, particularly in high-strain zones, the orientation of stretching lineations is not necessarily shear-parallel to the simple-shear component during the three-dimensional deformation.

Discussion on Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al., 2000 (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from the Late Triassic of Guanling County, Guizhou

PAN Xinru,JIANG Dayong,SUN Zuoyu,CAI Tao,ZHANG Dapeng,XIE Jialin

2006, 42(6):  697-703. 

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The Guanling Biota, stratigraphically from the basal Wayao Member of the Falang Formation (the Early Carnian: Late Triassic), is remarkable for its completely articulated and well preserved large ichthyosaur fossils. A precise description in detail of the large ichthyosaurs will be of great significance to the understanding of their taxonomic status, evolution and phylogenic history. So far, five taxonomic names have been erected and published for these large ichthyosaur, namely Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae, Typicusichthyosaurus tsaihuae, Guanlingsaurus liangae, Cymbospondylus asiaticus, and Panjiangsaurus epicharis. However, most of them still need to be re-studied and confirmed their taxonomic status. On the basis of the field investigation and the preparation, observation, comparison, the revised and amended diagnostic description on Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae is given, and Cymbospondylus asiaticus and Panjiangsaurus epicharis are the synonyms of Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae.

Geophysical Method for Prediction of Weathering Crust of Carbonate Reservoirs

MO Wuling,WU Chaodong

2006, 42(6):  704-707. 

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The weathering crust of carbonate is of big buried depth, anisotropy, serious heterogeneity and complicated reservoir forming condition. This study applies various techniques, including the comprehensive techniques for analysis of seismic attributes, the 3-D coherent analysis, the spectral decomposition technique, the 3-D visualized technique etc., to comprehensively analyze various seismic attributes of the weathering crust of carbonate and studied the method that is applied to predict the distributing law of the weathering crust of carbonate reservoirs in Tarim basin. This comprehensive method avoids the multi-explain resulted from applying single technique, promotes the precision in predicting similar oil and gas reservoirs, then reduces the drilling risk. This method is available and to a certain degree predicts the positive zones where the weathering crust of carbonate reservoirs form.

Design and Application of On-line Atmospheric Mercury Analyzer

YU Zhongying,ZENG Limin,ZHANG Yuanhang

2006, 42(6):  757-761. 

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Based on the method of gold amalgamation and CVAFS, the authors designed an instrument for continuously measuring total gaseous mercury in ambient air. The instrument operates with purified ambient air as carrier gas and does not require Argon or Nitrogen for detection. The sampling is run at about 1L/min, with sampling times of 10 min. Under these conditions, a detection limit of about 0.2ng/m³ is achieved. It has been showed that the relative standard deviations for 0.1 ng mercury vapor samples is less than 1.4%, and the linearity of calibration curve is quite well with the correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The instrument was used to continuously measure total gaseous mercury in the atmosphere at Peking University for about three weeks, observing an average concentration of TGM about 7.8ng/m³.

Three-dimensional Geological Modeling from Topological Cross-Sections

QU Honggang,PAN Mao,WANG Yong,XUE Sheng,MING Jing

2006, 42(6):  717-723. 

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The authors present a new method for three-dimensional (3D) geological modeling from a set of topological and polygonal cross-sections, and introduce topological relationships (connectivity, adjacency and inclusion) of "polygons -arcs- nodes" in cross-sections to generate Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) by connecting adjacent open arcs instead of close contours. This method is especially suitable for cases where there are several connected polygons in a cross-section, which are general in geological applications. Besides, cross-sections are not required to be planar or parallel in this method, and topological relationships are embedded in the generalized 3D geological models. Some special ideals are also proposed for some complex geological phenomena, such as stratum dying out, faults terminated within strata, etc. Finally, a 3D geological modeling and visualization software platform was developed based on this method. A case study was conducted by using the real data at the Olympic site in Beijing, China.

Properties and Effect on Crude Oil of Biosurfactant Produced by Bacillus HBS-4

MA Xiajing,HAO Ruixia,LI Ruiping,Lv Ming

2006, 42(6):  724-728. 

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Bacillus, named HBS-4, isolated from oil reservoir is studied. HBS-4 can produce lipopeptide, glycolipid and ether in metabolism. During the interaction between strain HBS-4 and crude oil, biosurfactant can not only disperse and emulsify crude oil but also assist the bacterium to metabolize crude oil. The research results indicate that biosurfactant is stable if the value of pH of the culture broth is kept between 5 and 12, but when the value of pH is below 5, the biosurfactant will lost activity gradually. It will be beneficial for biodegradation to control the pH of the broth. The strain could convert and degrade aromatic hydrocarbons and asphaltenes, and decrease the content of heavy fractions in crude oils. The relative contents of aromatic and asphaltenes decreased 17.39% and 2.89% respectively.

Technique of Laboratory Measurements of Electrical Resistivity in Sand Stone at Reservoir Conditions

YANG Mohan,SHI Ge,ZHANG Zubo

2006, 42(6):  729-734. 

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Electrical measurements on core samples enable the evaluation of the water saturation of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The accuracy of such measurements depends on the chosen laboratory technique. Comparison of electrical data of 8 sandstone cores by the 'normal injection' and the 'porous plate' techniques shows that the 'porous plate' can yield valid results, and the electrical resistivity and saturation exponent are lower than those from the 'normal injection'. The reason of the difference between the two techniques is the saturation distributions. Measurement for each sample performed by the 'porous plate' technique takes much more time than by the 'normal injection' technique.

A Review of the Middle-Late Devonian Lycopsids

XUE Jinzhuang,HAO Shougang,WANG Deming

2006, 42(6):  808-816. 

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This paper gives a summary of the representative lycopsids of the Middle-Late Devonian, and investigates the variation and differentiation of their reproduction structures, root organs and anatomical characters. Concerning the taxonomic treatment, some of these lycopsids can be attributed to Lycopodiales, Protolepidodendrales and Isotales sensu lato, while the others cannot be classified into current system. Because of preservation factors and uniqueness of the characters, it is unclear that to what extent these taxa reflect a taxonomical diversity. These lycopsids demonstrate great complexities in reproduction structures, root organs and anatomy. These findings, on one side, broaden current knowledge about the early evolutionary history of the lycopsid characters, and on the other side, indicate that those satellite taxa should also be taken into consideration besides those whole or almost whole species when making a phylogenetic analysis.

xPlane: A Software for Displaying the 3D Morphology of Crystals

LIU Zhao,QIN Shan

2006, 42(6):  735-739. 

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This article introduces a computer software, xPlane, which can be used to show the visual 3D morphology of crystals and the Wulff projection. The input for xPlane requires only the crystal parameters, point group and simple forms. The output can be both the text data and the 3D images of given crystal, including the information about crystal orientation, face symbol, Wulff projection an d so on. As a small tool, it will be useful for the simulations and researches of crystal morphology and for teaching in crystallography.

Application of Q-model Principal Factor Analysis and Clustering Method in Evaluation on Sandstone Reservoirs of the Neogene in Huatugou Oilfield, Qaidam Basin

Lv Honghua,REN Mingda,LIU Jincheng,LI Youli

2006, 42(6):  740-745. 

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Based on the data of 244 wells, the sandstone reservoirs of the Neogene in Huatugou oilfield, Qaidam Basin is tentatively evaluated with Q-model Principal Factor Analysis(PFA) and Fast Clustering Method(FCM). In order to quantitatively analyze the characteristics of the reservoirs and the relation between the characteristics and the sedimentary facies of the reservoirs with the evaluation results, the method is put forward as follows: firstly, the scores of the principal factors obtained by PFA are normalized; then, the normalized scores are multiplied with the weights of the corresponding principal factors and added to get the scores of the samples. The reservoirs are evaluated by applied FCM with the scores of the samples. After analyzing the characteristic of the sandstone reservoir in the area with the statistic of the evaluation results, the authors conclude that, for the characteristic of the reservoir, the lower Youshashan Formation of the Neogene in Huatugou oilfield is better than the upper Ganchaigou Formation, the braided channel deltaic front is the best sub-type facies, the river-mouth bar sand body is the best microfacies sand body, and the submarine distributary sand body and turbidite sand body follow. Authors' method is quantitative and contains the explicit geological significance, so it is worthy of being generalized.

Integrated Process of Thermal Hydrolysis and Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor for the Treatment of Sewage Sludge

WANG Zhijun,WANG Wei,ZHANG Xihui

2006, 42(6):  746-750. 

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In recent years, the combined technology of thermal hydrolysis and continuous-flow stirred tank reactor(TH-CSTR) for sewage sludge treatment have attracted more and more interest. In this paper, the effects of thermal hydrolysis pretreatment on the characteristics and digestibility of sewage sludge were investigated, anaerobic sequencing batch reactor(ASBR) instead of CSTR was used and then the integrated process of TH-ASBR was studied. The results showed that the thermal hydrolysis pretreatment can improve the digestibility and the optimum pretreatment conditions were 170℃ and 30min retention time. When thermo-hydrolyzed sludge pretreated under above condition was respectively digested in ASBR and CSTR (control), the organic removal efficiencies and methane production rates of ASBR were higher than those of CSTR with 20, 10, 7.5 and 5-d HRTs, respectively. The optimum HRT of ASBR was 10 days. The TCOD removal efficiency and methane production rate of TH-ASBR process were 2793% and 2514% more than those of TH-CSTR process with 10-d HRT, respectively.

Regional Forest Ecosystem Services Assessment: A Case Study of Shandong Province

DUAN Xiaofeng,XU Xuegong

2006, 42(6):  751-756. 

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Forest ecosystem plays an important role in supplying and maintaining ecosystem services in the situation of rapid economic development in Shandong province. Forest ecosystem services are divided into four facets: production, recreation, air quality improvement and water-soil conservation. Forest ecosystem services' values of the different counties are accounted by using the eco-economy evaluation methods. Based on the forest ecosystem services' values and mechanism analysis, an integrated assessment index system was established, which consisted of six indexes. The integrated assessment index system described the services at three aspects such as structure, density, and quality. By using the Polygon Synthesis Indicator method, each country got an score of integrated assessment. As a result, only 0.39 percent of the total area in Shandong province scores from 0.75 to 1 (gradeⅠ), 2.37 percent scores from 0.5 to 0.75 (gradeⅡ), 41.65 percent scores from 0.25 to 0.5 (grade Ⅲ), and 55.59 percent scores from 0 to 0.25 (grade Ⅳ). The results indicate that the forest ecosystem services of most countries in Shandong province is poor. According to the integrated assessment, some advices are proposed.

Preparation and Application of Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilized in Fe₃O₄-Asorption-Gelatin-Entrapping Method

WANG Shanlin,ZHANG Jianbo,WANG Weijing,YANG Yuxiang

2006, 42(6):  762-766. 

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Fe₃O₄-asorption-gelatin-entrapping method for immobilization of horseradish peroxidase was established. Immobilization efficiency of this carrier was compared with that of sodium alginate, gelatin and open pore gelatin cube. It was found that higher efficiency could be achieved by Fe₃O₄-asorption-gelatin-entrapping method. The stabilities of different immobilized enzymes and free HRP were also compared, and the stability of immobilized HRP with Fe₃O₄-gelatin as carrier was considerably higher than the stabilities of other enzymes. Effects of concentration of glutaraldehyde and gelatin, crosslinking time, dosage of HRP and Fe₃O₄ on the activity of immobilized HRP were studied. The results of optimal conditions of immobilization were as follows: the optimal ratio of dosage of HRP and Fe₃O₄ was about 95 u HRP/g Fe₃O₄, the optimal ratio of Fe₃O₄ and gelatin was 1.0g Fe₃O₄/10mL 10％～20％ gelatin, the optimal glutaraldehyde concentration was 0.5% and the optimal crosslinking time was 30min. On this condition, the activity of immobilized HRP was about 1.1u/g and the recovery of enzyme activity was around 15%. Repetitive use of immobilized HRP for the elimination of PCP was examined and stable efficiency of PCP degradation was achieved.

Development of Analyzer for Atmospheric Particulate Matter Concentration and Its Performance Test

ZHANG Zhanyi,LI Fengguo,YANG Guanling,LI Yifang,ZENG Fanjin,ZENG Limin

2006, 42(6):  767-773. 

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Particulate matter becomes the main air pollutant in China. Brief introduction is given to the source and impacts of PM, PM sampling system and monitoring analyzer. Also there is a brief introduction to the new developed auto-monitoring analyzer for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentration, basing on the theory of filter membrane weighing. By using Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscopy, the particle size distribution of the coarse and fine particle was observed, similar to that of Andersen Model 240 dual channel mass sampler. Compared with some domestic and overseas sampling device and monitoring analyzer, the results of another performance test on the mass concentration shows that the new analyzer made by the authors approaches advanced world level.

Climatological Characteristics of Dust Weathers in the Tarim Basin

MA Yu,XIAO Kaiti,WANG Xu

2006, 42(6):  784-790. 

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The authors study the temporal and spatial distributions of dust weathers and the trends in occurring days of dust weathers using data from 28 observational stations in the Tarim Basin during the period of 1961-2003. Five meteorological factors, which affect dust weathers, are analyzed, including air temperature, daily range of ground temperature, air pressure, average wind speed and precipitation on dust weathers with the method of linear multi-regression. Based on the analyses, the indices of dust weathers are constructed. The results show that the regions where dust weathers occur most frequently are in the Taklimakan Desert and its southern marginal zone. The temporal and spatial distributions of dust weathers are different in these regions. Dust weathers occur most frequently in spring. The days of dust weathers are closely related to daily variations of the meteorological factors. Dust-weather days have a tendency toward decrease. Interannual variations of dust-weather days have a period of about 6-9 years. According to their importance in affecting the occurrence of dust weathers, the factors are in an order of average wind speed, precipitation and daily range of ground temperature over March-September. In spring, the dominant factor is precipitation. The dominant factor is average wind speed over June-September. Indices of dust weathers are constructed to demonstrate the temporal series of dust weathers and to predict the occurrence of dust weathers.

Novel Capacity Theory Research of Watermarking System

ZHU Bocheng,WU Hongtao

2006, 42(6):  796-801. 

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The status in quo of capacity theory research of watermarking system is simply reviewed. It is thought as maximum reliable transfer rate of communication model that watermark capacity is researched in fixed channel while carrier is presented. Two scenarios are deeply analyzed with attack behavior or not. Under conditions with embedding and attacking restriction in Euclidean measurement, the relationship between quantity division of n-dimensions nodes and watermark capacity is obtained. The capacity upon threshold can be calculating. At last, the relationship is analyzed between watermark extraction error rate and watermark capacity in attacking scenario.

R : S Ratios of Temperate Steppe and the Environmental Controls in Inner Mongolia

MA Wenhong,FANG Jingyun

2006, 42(6):  774-778. 

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Grasslands play a significant role in terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle due to large biomass stored belowground. R : S ratio (belowground to aboveground biomass ratio) has been widely used for estimating root biomass. However, there was a gap for the estimation of R : S ratio in regional or large scale. Therefore, it is necessary to provide R : S ratio data for a wide range of community types, which will improve the accuracy of carbon budget and root biomass estimate. Here the authors synthesized field biomass data from 113 sites and conducted regression analysis between R : S ratio and environmental variables in Inner Mongolia temperate steppe, aiming to illustrate spatial variations of R : S ratio and their regulating factors. The results showed that overall aboveground and belowground biomass of the temperate steppe averaged 135.3 and 775.2g·m^-2, respectively. R : S ratio varied from 5.2 to 6.7 in different steppe, with median value 6.3. No significant relationships were found between R : S ratio and mean annual temperature, soil water content, annual precipitation and steppe types.

Local Atmospheric Circulations over Beijing-Tianjin Area in Summer

YOU Chunhua,CAI Xuhui,SONG Yu,GUO Hu

2006, 42(6):  779-783. 

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The non-hydrostatic mesoscale model ARPS 5.0IHOP5 was used to simulate the background wind field in the atmospheric boundary layer over Beijing-Tianjin area. As a comparison, the wind-field diagnostic analysis with observed meteorological data was used to generate hourly wind field in the lower atmosphere in August 2004. The results show that two mesoscale circulations affect this area, they are sea-land breeze and mountain-valley breeze. The mountain-valley breeze may influence the whole plain area, and the influence of sea-land breeze can reach as far as 100km approximately into the inland. Under the influence of these two circulations, the dominant wind is southerly from afternoon to midnight, and then changes to northerly till forenoon. During the period of switching from southerly to northerly, a belt of convergence occurs in the front of the western mountains in the model domain.

Applying Satellite Data to Mesoscale Model ARPS

YAN Junyi,WANG Hongqing,ZHANG Yan,ZHENG Yongguang,ZHANG Chunxi

2006, 42(6):  791-796. 

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Surface observations and satellite data are successfully incorporated to a mesoscale model using the ARPS data assimilation system (ADAS) developed by the Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms (CAPS). Satellite data are used to improve the initial humidity condition with comprehensive cloud analysis. Results show that both forecast and simulation of a storm process are improved than that when satellite data and complex cloud analysis are not applied.

Development of Internet Relationship Dependence Inventory for Chinese College Students

QIAN Mingyi,ZHANG Xiaoyun,HUANG Zheng,ZHANG Zhifeng,NIE Jing

2006, 42(6):  802-807. 

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A Internet Relationship Dependency Inventory (IRDI) was developed for Chinese college students. According to the results of previous researches and the authors' interview, a primary IRDI was made up. The results of 549 college subjects (including 284 males and 265 females) getting from IRDI were applied for exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The second sample (including 421 college students, 253 males and 168 females) results were used for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). 33 college students did IRDI two times within 5 weeks. Four factors were elicited according to EFA results: dependence, relationship involvement, communication benefits, health internet use. The results of CFA showed the fitness of the sample data to the original fourfactormodel of EFA. The final inventory including 29 items, the reliabilities of the four factors are higher than 0.70 and the testretest reliability is 0.619. The norm of IRDI is supplied. The results suggest that IRDI meets psychometric requirements and can be applied to college students' sample.

Advance in Studies of the Panxian Fauna

HAO Weicheng,SUN Yuanlin,JIANG Dayong,SUN Zuoyu

2006, 42(6):  817-823. 

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The Panxian Fauna is mainly characterized by well-preserved and articulated skeletons of Middle Triassic (Anisian) marine reptiles with high diversity, associated with abundant invertebrate fossils, such as bivalves, brachiopods as well as cephalopods, and some as yet undescribed taxa. Stratigraphically, it is occurred at the Upper Member of the Guanling Formation, ascribed to the conodont Nicoraella kockeli Zone, which indicates that the age of this fauna is Pelsonian (Middle Anisian). Therefore, the Panxian Fauna is older than the Grenzbitumenzone fauna at Besano/Monte San Giorgio area of Italy/Switzerland border (near Anisian/Ladinian boundary), and represents the oldest marine reptile fauna of the Middle Triassic throughout the world. Such a rich, diversified and perfectly preserved paleontological assemblage with the exact stratigraphic horizon and definitive age not only provides abundant materials for exploring the taxonomy, evolution, and origin of the marine reptiles, but also has great significance for developing the study of paleoecology and biogeographic provincialism. So far, five genus and five species, including the oldest mixosaurid ichthyosaurs, the oldest lariosaurs and the first true aquatic protorosaur(Dinocephalosaurus orientalis), have been reported from the Panxian Fauna. Most of them are adapted to epicontinental environment or shallow sea, and show a strong West Tethyan affinity. The strata bearing the Panxian fauna consists of four or five tuff beds and seven volcanicities were recognized, which might be caused the extinction of these marine reptile animals directly.

Allocation Methods of the Total Amount for the Atmosphere Pollutants of Point Source in Cities and Progress in Methods

LIU Na,XIE Shaodong

2006, 42(6):  824-828. 

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Based on various allocation principle, allocation methods of the total amount for the atmosphere pollutants of point source in cities were divided into several categories: uniform proportion abatement, allocation according to the target of environmental quality, allocation based on certain benchmark, allocation based on economic index, and optimal means. The paper summarized the basic principle and application condition of various allocation methods, and pointed out the advantage,disadvantage and suitable area of methods.