Table of Content

20 July 2003, Volume 39 Issue 4

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Large-Eddy Simulations of Atmospheric Boundary Layers from Convective to Near-Neutral Conditions

CAI Xuhui,CHEN Jiayi

2003, 39(4):  439-448. 

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Large-eddy simulations are carried out for atmospheric boundary layers from con vective to near-neutral cases. The simulation condition covers the range as follows: surface heat flux from 0.0001 to 0.2 K·m·s^-1, geostrophical wind speed from 0～15 m·s^-1, and the correspondent stability parameter -z/L from 0.0062 to 368. Simulation results show that in the atmospheric boundary layer, the heat flux and momentum flux profiles have the form as those in typical unstable condition and near neutral condition. And within the stability situation the model resolves the turbulence in ABL well, in good agreement with observation data, particularly in surface layer. By current resolution, the model does not properly simulate turbulent characters in near neutral boundary layer. While convective roll vortices may emerge in strong wind and weak unstable condition, with the stability range of -z/L from 0.668 to 24.6 approximately.

Determination of Chemical Compounds Using Antagonist Assay Based on Yeast Two-Hybrid System

HU Jianying,XIE Guohong

2003, 39(4):  449-453. 

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The estrogenic antagonist activities of triphenyltin chloride and 6 phenolic com pounds (4-n-nonylphenol, 2-sec-butylphenol, 2-hydroxybiphenol, 3-tert-butylphenol, 2-tert-butylphenol and 4-methyl-2, 6-di-tert-butylphenol) used in the coating of concrete tanks and lining of still pipe in water supply system were detected using antagonist assay based on yeast two-hybrid system. It was found that triphenyltin chloride elicits strong antagonist activity of which is even higher than those of tamoxifen and its metabolized product, 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Of six phenolic compounds, five objective phenolic compounds elicited weaker estrogen antagonist activity except for 4-methyl-2, 6-di-tert-butylphenol. It should be noted that 4-n-nonylphenol elicited antagonist activity, while the 4-nonylphenol elicited agonist activity.

Spatial and Temporal Variation Characteristics of Landscape Diversity in Wolong Natural Reserve

ZENG Hui,ZHANG Lei,KONG Ningning,LI Shujuan

2003, 39(4):  454-461. 

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The authors studied the spatial and temporal variation of landscape diversity pattern as well as the causes in Wolong natural reserve since mid 1980's, and also discussed the related problems of management and scale effect of landscape diversity study. Results indicated that the basic cause that led to significant changing of landscape diversity pattern during our study period was human impact in the past 35 years. Large scale of wood logging began at mid 1960's decreased landscape diversity of total working area, especially the mediumlow mountain area, but the afforestation behavior lasted for more than 30 years gradually increased landscape diversity of different areas. It should be one of the important problems concerned by the related studies, which were the restoration object of suitable integrated landscape structure including spatial diversity pattern and the practice methodologies. Our study also proved that landscape diversity research has obvious scale effect characteristics. Clear evidence is that forest rehabilitation increased landscape diversity of mediumscale study area such as the total working area, natural landscape, human impacted landscape, and different altitude area, but decreased diversity degree of small scale area such as the buffer zones of different human impact sources. Experimental study resulted that suitable square sample size for mediumsmall scale study of landscape diversity in our working area is 50×50 cells.

Observation of Atmospheric Tracer Be-7 in the Mt. Qomolangma Region

LIN Weili,ZHU Tong,TANG Xiaoyan

2003, 39(4):  462-466. 

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During May to June 2002, ambient total suspended particulates (TSP) were sampled at Dingri (28.655°N, 87.115°E, 4300 m a.s.l.) and at the north valley of Mt. Qomolangma (28.193°N, 86.827°E, 5000 m a.s.l.). Be-7 radioactive concentrations of the TSP samples were between 0.76～1.7 mBq·m^-3STP. The results showed no evidence of contributions from stratosphere or upper troposphere transport to the high ozone concentrations on the surface during the observation period.

The Spatial Structure of Urban Spaces in Lijiang City

ZHANG Tianxin,YAMAMURA Takayoshi

2003, 39(4):  467-473. 

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The authors apply the concept of "territory", "place" and "route " to analyze the spatial structure of Lijiang City, a famous Chinese historical city of Naxi minority, which was listed as one of the World Heritage cities in 1997. The spatial structure of Lijiang City has a character of duality. Spiritual territory and living territory, festal place and routine place, man-made route and natural route, all exist simultaneously as twin-spaces. The living space of Lijiang City becomes a spatial complex of various elements. In this spatial complex, the daily places are ritualized and bear various cultural meanings through the interaction of multiple elements at different levels, and the seemingly trivial place exhibit dramatic cultural sceneries. The ritualized space is therefore one of the most attractive "cultural landscapes" in Chinese historical cities, which demands more conservational consideration.

The Transformation of the Core Region of Agricultural Exploitation and the Environmental Change in Xiliaohe River Valley During Liao and Jin Dynasty

HAN Maoli

2003, 39(4):  474-480. 

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The core region of agricultural exploitation in the Xiliaohe River valley during Liao and Jin dynasty went through several changes. At the beginning of the Liao dynasty, immigrants from Central Plain and Bohai occupied the region where the Shangjing was the center, and they were engaged in cultivation. This formed the economic core of Liao dynasty. The core maintained its place for about 100 years. At the middle of the Liao dynasty, more than 100000 people moved from Shangjing to Zhongjing region. And so did the economic core and the main agricultural exploitation region. The central place of Zhongjing maintained for another 100 years or more. At the middle of Jin dynasty, the core moved again to Xingzhong Prefecture. This article mainly discusses the changes of the core of the population and agriculture form Xilamulun River and Wu'erjimu River valleys to Laoha River and Daling River valleys, and the relationship with environmental change.

Dynamic Assessment for Desertification Based on the Changes in Landuse Structure:
An Example from Naiman Qi of the Inner Mongolia, China

WU Wei,NI Jinren,LIU Rongxia,LI Zhenshan

2003, 39(4):  481-488. 

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Taking Naiman Qi of the Inner Mongolia in the North of China as an example and based on the data of landuse changes obtained by remote sensing and GIS in four time intervals between 1985-2000, the authors determine the weight values of the influences from different landuse patterns on desertification processes by analytic hierarchy process. Furthermore, the integrated influences of landuse structure on desertification in the region are quantitatively described using the cha racteristic index of landuse structure put forward by Ni Jinren et al. This method can be used to assess the dynamic changes of desertified lands through analyzing the changes in the characteristic index of landuse structure in the study area and thereby provide a scientific basis for the developmental planning of the region. The results achieved from this study enrich the assessment method of la nd desertification and have a certain theoretical significance. The application of the method in Naiman Qi showed that the characteristic indexes of landuse structure calculated from different periods of landuse structure are negatively correlated with desertified land area obtained by remotely sensed monitoring. The conclusions obtained from present dynamic assessment of desertification are essentially coincident with the monitoring results, and thus demonstrate the rationality and effectiveness of the method.

Preliminary Research on Alga Removal Characteristics and Efficiency of the Algae-Lyzing Bacterium (Strain B₅)

WU Weizhong,AN Chengcai,LIU Xinyao,WU Xianghong,WEN Donghui,SHI Miao

2003, 39(4):  489-493. 

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The growth inhibition of cyanobacteria by bacterium (strain B₅) was studied. The results show that one strain of bacterium (strain B₅) with obviously algae-lytic can be separated from the eutrophic lake. It can effectively remove Anabaena by coagulation, cell lysis and biodegradation. The flocculation and further biodegradation of Algae cell was preformed through the direct contact of strain B₅ and its thermo-stability and algae growth inhibitive extracellular secretory compounds.

Research on Bio-Regeneration Process of the Ammonium Adsorption Capacity of Natural Zeolite

WEN Donghui,ZHANG Xi,WU Weizhong,LI Wenqi,TANG Xiaoyan

2003, 39(4):  494-500. 

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Using the natural clinoptilolite from Jinyun County, Zhejiang Province as the experimental samples, a static bio-regeneration experiment was conducted for the zeolite saturated with ammonium. The ammonium adsorption capacity of the saturated zeolite were recovered 61%～85% after 73 days by biological process and ion exchange. An on-site pilot experiment of bio-regeneration was also conducted for the zeolite absorted large amount ammonium in Dianchi Lake basin, Yunnan Province. The ammonium adsorption capacity of the zeolite were recovered 22%～36% after 4～6 months by natural biological process.

Study on the Characteristics of VOCs Source Profiles of Vehicle Exhaust and Gasoline Emission

LU Sihua,BAI Yuhua,ZHANG Guangshan,MA Jing

2003, 39(4):  507-511. 

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The volatile organic compounds source profiles of motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapor and liquid gasoline were determined by averaging the ratios of individual VOC species concentration to the total concentrion of all VOC species measured. The gasoline exhaust and diesel exhaust display similar distributions. The alkanes and alkenes below C4 are the most abundant compounds in liquefied petroleum gas exhaust. The compounds below C5 and above C6 are the major content in gasoline vapor and liquid gasoline respectively.

Distribution and Correlation Characteristics between Pollutants in Sediment in Chaohu Lake, China

WANG Yonghua,LIU Zhenyu,LIU Wei,XU Nanni,JIN Xiangcan

2003, 39(4):  501-506. 

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Organic content, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury and arsenic in the sediments of Chaohu Lake are investigated. The vertical distributions of pollutants in sediment are discussed. The potential ecologic risk index is used to evaluate metal pollution in sediment of Chaohu Lake. The correlative characteristics between organic content and other pollutants are analyzed. The linear equation between organic contents and total nitrogen is y=0.0676x+0.0952 with 0.985 of correlation coefficient.

Investigation of the Mechanisms of Isoprene and Monoterpene Emissions from Hevea brasiliensis in Xishuangbanna

WANG Zhihui,BAI Yuhua,WANG Xuesong,LIU Zhaorong

2003, 39(4):  512-516. 

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Based on the authors investigation of the isoprene and monoterpene emissions from Hevea brasiliensis (H.B.K) Muell.-Arg in Xishuangbanna, it was found that the isoprene emission was low (emission factor varies between 0 and 1μgC·g^-1h^-1) and the monoterpene emissions were high (emission factor varies between 10 and 100μgC·g^-1h^-1). It was presumed that the scarcity of the isoprene synthase in the chloroplast of hevea brasiliensis leaves dominated the special emission character.

Reconstruction of the Paleoenvironment in Central North China During 5000 aBP to 4000 aBP:
Evidence from Mollusks Fossils

LIANG Liang,XIA Zhengkai,LIU Decheng

2003, 39(4):  532-537. 

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The discovery of the Holocene lacustrine sediment in the Central North Chin a has provided acceptable records of the paleoenvironment during approximately 5660 aBP to 3500 aBP. The vertical distribution and fluctuation of aquatic, amphibian and terrestrial mollusks remains in Sihenan Profile represent the physical environmental history of this area. The process of birth, expansion, and vanishment of the ancient lake was well recorded through the presence and absence of aquatic species. And from the abundance variation of hygrophilous-warmthand moisture-loving species, It can be known that the Central North China was warmer and moister than the present during the period of 5000 aBP to 4000 aBP.

Material Input and Output Analysis of Chinese Economy System

CHEN Xiaoqiu,ZHAO Tingting,GUO Yuquan,SONG Shengyou

2003, 39(4):  538-547. 

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The method of material flow analysis (MFA) has been applied to study t he material input and output throughout the Chinese economy system from 1985 to 1997. The results are shown as follows: (a) The total input and output volumes o f solid and gaseous materials represented a similar increase trend, whereas the volumes of tap water supply and domestic sewage discharge in urban areas follow a statistical relationship of multinomial. Thus, the material input volume of an economy system can be used to determine the material output volume to a certain extent. Therefore, controlling resource input is an effective means for decreasing pollutant output. (b) The input and output volumes of solid and gaseous materials per capita showed also an increase trend，in which the discharge volumes o f waste gases and solid waste per capita increased rapidly. Moreover, the annual growth rates of material input and output volumes were obviously larger than those of population in the study period. So, not only natural resource consumption but also air and soil pollution were accelerated along with the growth of population. (c) Both material input and output volumes per GDP, including water consumption and wastewater discharge decreased, which indicates that the efficiency of resource use of the Chinese economy system enhanced significantly.

Using a Modified Travel Cost Method to Evaluate the Recreational Benefits of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve

LI Wei,LI Wenjun

2003, 39(4):  548-555. 

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TCM (Travel Cost Method) is a classical method in recreational benefits evaluation of natural resources. Existing TCM models include three categories: ZTCM（Zonal TCM）, ITCM（Individual TCM）and AITCM(Advanced ITCM). The three types of models have different precondition requirements that depend on different situations of tourism destinations. In Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, it is found that all of the existing TCM models are unsuitable to be used for the benefits evaluation since the Jiuzhaigou's situation doesn't meet the required pre-assumptions. The authors build a new analytical method named TCIA (Travel Cost Interval Analysis). Using the new method, the recreational benefits of natural resources in Jiuzhaigou nature reserve in 2000 is evaluated, which is RMB 10.85 billion yuan.

A Study of Landscape Diversity and Rural Industrial Structure

JING Juan,WANG Yanglin,PENG Jian

2003, 39(4):  556-564. 

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Landscape diversity reflects the integrated physical characters of rural area to some extent, while industrial structure reflects its social economic characters. Therefore the interrelated analysis between them will couple the physical environmental and social economic characters in the rural area, which is o f great importance to the integrated development in rural area. After expounding the key concepts and theories of landscape diversity and rural industrial structure, the interrelated analysis between them is emphasized on. It comes to conclusions that there are some direct correlations between them, and they progress synchronization in the course of historical progress. In addition, in the perspective of rural sustainable development, landscape diversity protection is consistent with the adjustment of rural industrial structure, and some probable methods for them are given.

Method and Example of Strategic Environmental Assessment for Industry Structure Adjustment

MA Xiaoming,ZHANG Lixun,DAI Dajun

2003, 39(4):  565-571. 

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In order to promote the development of regional strategic environmental assessment in China, the authors illustrate the use of Input-Output approach in the environmental impact assessment of industry adjustment with the case study in Yuxi city of Yunnan province. The following were major conclusions: firstly, the environmental economic static Input-Output model can be a useful tool for predicting the changes of waste disposal and resource depletion; secondly, industry adjustment is effective in alleviating the pressure on the environmental system; finally, the adjusted industry structure still imposes some pressure on the environmental system, therefore, accompanied measures in technology renovation, labor force structure adjustment and environmental protection policies should be made to attain the goal of industry structure adjustment.

Protection and Utilization of China's World Heritages

CHEN Yaohua,ZHAO Xingshuo

2003, 39(4):  572-578. 

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To keep the authenticity and integrality of the world heritage is the responsibility of each member who belongs to the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Convention. The world heritages in China are being destroyed duo to economic benefit pursuit and incomplete administration systems. The commercialization, the urbanization and the artificiality of China's world heritage has destroyed the ecological environment, the historical style and features. To preserve the civilization of human beings and be responsible to the history, people should know the nature of heritage, arrange the heritage property properly, optimize the regional industrial structure and establish special agencies. R elative laws should also be established and administration systems should be imp roved. Only the above methods be adopted can the contradiction between protection and utilization be solved and the world heritage be utilized sustainably.

Characters of Valonia Tannin Degrading Enzymes from Endomyces

HUANG Wen,SHI Bi

2003, 39(4):  579-582. 

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Characters of degrading enzymes from Endomyces, which can resist toxicity of valonia tannin (ellagitannin) and degrade tannin effectively, using propyl gallate instead of valonia tannin as substrate were investigated. It was found that the strain have not only activity of tannase, but also activity of polyphen ol oxidase(PPO). By using model compound, catechol and pyrogallol, it was verified that at least both tannase and PPO were involved during degradat ion of tannins by the strain.

Allometry and Its Application in Ecological Scaling

HAN Wenxuan,FANG Jingyun

2003, 39(4):  583-593. 

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Ecological research is often linked with ecological scales, and scaling up or scaling down for ecological attributes at different levels of biological organization are one of the most critical but difficult issues. Allometric relations, however, are perhaps able to act as qualified nutcrackers. Allometric scaling relations are characteristic of all organisms. Ecologists suggest that there are similar mechanisms behind the numerous quarter-power allometric relations, which reflect the growth rates of organisms constrained by the limits of available resources and transportation capacity through organismal bodies. They believe that many attributes in large ecological scales can emerge from a few allometric principles operating in the scale of individual, and so allometric scaling laws may be among the most potential solutions to ecological scaling. Here the authors give a review on allometric theory and its recent applications in multi-scales of plant ecology.

Efficiency of the Three-North Forest Shelterbelt Program

ZHANG Lixiao,SONG Yuqin

2003, 39(4):  594-600. 

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As one of the four biggest forest shelterbelt programs in the world, the Three-North Forest Shelterbelt Program didn't achieve due defending purpose. As for the reasons, there are conflictions with Chinese climate pattern and population pressure, ecological principles and market rules since the very beginning of this program. New situation of Chinese desertification demands transformation of the Three-North Forest Shelterbelt Program，which should solve the conflictions firstly. And several suggestions，such as satisfying water demand of afforestation, peristing in diversification route and market direction and establishing ecological compensation mechanism, were put forward at last.

Study on Changes of Heavy Metal in Sediments of Weiminghu Lake of Peking University

JIA Zhenbang,ZHAO Zhijie,AN Kai,XIA Zhengkai,ZHENG Gongwang

2003, 39(4):  522-525. 

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According to the sedimentation, a preliminary assessment was conducted on the polluted standard of the heavy metals in the deposit of the lake, in use of I_geo. The polluted standard of the metals in the deposit is at a very low level. The variance between the particle diameter of the upper and the lower parts of the sediment is the main cause of the changing regularity of the elements.

Analysis of Major Inorganic Ions in Aerosols by Capillary Electrophoresis

LI Quanlin,XIE Shaodong,SHEN Xinhua

2003, 39(4):  526-531. 

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The inorganic ions (fluoride, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, calcium, ammonium, sodium, magnesium, potassium) in aerosol samples were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and ion chromatography (IC). The results showed that the correlation between the peak area and concentrations was good. The linear range and repeatability can meet the need of general aerosol samples measurement. The aerosol samples collected in Beijing were quantitatively analyzed with this method. The concentrations obtained by CE have a good agreement with those by ion chromatography (IC). Ｔ-test showed that there is no notable difference between the concentrations determined by the two methods.

Study on Diurnal Variations of Terpenoid Compounds Emitted by Pistacia lentiscus and Its Emission Rate

LIANG Baosheng,Rita Baraldi,Francesca Rapparini

2003, 39(4):  517-521. 

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The emission characteristics, emission rate and its diurnal variation of one of the main Mediterranean macchia (Pistacia lentiscus) in Noak's Ark reserve, Sardinia, Italy have been studied using Dynamic Sampling and GC-MS method. Compounds such as α-pinene, β-pinene, sabinene, Limonene, p-cymene, camphene, β-phellandrene, β-myrcene, α-terpinene, α-phellandrene, 3-carene and isoprene were investigated. The emissions of the terpenes account for 99.4% of the total emission, while the emission of isoprene only accounts for 0.6%. Of all the terpenes, the main emitted compounds are α-pinene, β-pinene, sabinene and Limonene, which account for 64.5%、18.4%、6.0% and 5.9% of the total emission respectively. The emission rates of terpenes increase with temperature, showing a positive exponential correlation. Under normal state (temperature of 303K), the emission rate of Pistacia lentiscus is 2.72±0.72μg/g·h. It's determined that β value of Pistacia lentiscus in its emission rate formula is 0.128K^-1, which is in good agreement with the values (0.057～0.144K^-1) in the literature.